Advances in Treating Textile Efluent

162 Pages·2011·3.779 MB·English

by  P. Hauser

ADVANCES IN
TREATING TEXTILE
EFFLUENT

Edited by Peter J. Hauser
Advances in Treating Textile Effluent
Edited by Peter J. Hauser

Published by InTech
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First published October, 2011
Printed in Croatia

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Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Advances in Treating Textile Effluent, Edited by Peter J. Hauser
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-704-8
free online editions of InTech
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Contents

Preface VII
Chapter 1 Decolorisation of Textile Dyeing
Effluents Using Advanced Oxidation Processes 1
Taner Yonar
Chapter 2 Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites:
Does the Discharge of the Azo Dye into
Water Bodies Represent Human and Ecological Risks? 27
Farah Maria Drumond Chequer,
Daniel Junqueira Dorta and Danielle Palma de Oliveira
Chapter 3 Functional Suitability of Soluble
Peroxidases from Easily Available Plant
Sources in Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes 49
Farrukh Jamal
Chapter 4 Effect of Photochemical
Advanced Oxidation Processes on the
Bioamenability and Acute Toxicity of an
Anionic Textile Surfactant and a Textile Dye Precursor 73
Idil Arslan-Alaton and Tugba Olmez-Hanci
Chapter 5 Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment 91
Zongping Wang, Miaomiao Xue, Kai Huang and Zizheng Liu
Chapter 6 Photochemical Treatments
of Textile Industries Wastewater 117
Falah Hassan Hussein
Chapter 7 Pilot Plant Experiences Using
Activated Sludge Treatment Steps for
the Biodegradation of Textile Wastewater 145
Lamia Ayed and Amina Bakhrouf

Preface

Essentially all knitted and woven fabrics must be treated further in wet processing
steps after fabrication to provide the coloration and chemical and physical properties
required by the consumer. These wet processing steps produce large amounts of waste
water that must be treated to remove harmful pollutants before discharge to the
environment. The treatment of textile wet processing effluent to meet stringent
governmental regulations is a complex and continually evolving process. Treatment
methods that were perfectly acceptable in the past may not be suitable today or in the
future. This book provides new ideas and processes to assist the textile industry in
meeting the challenging requirements of treating textile effluent.
Chapters by Hussein and Arslan-Alaton/Olmez-Hanci address the use of
photochemical processes to oxidize dyes and other pollutants in textile waste water.
Wang, Xue, Huang, and Liu provide a comprehensive review of existing and new
waste treatment processes. Ayed and Bakhrouf give the results from a pilot plant
evaluation of different bacteria for use in activated sludge treatments of textile
effluent. Jamal suggests an interesting use of plant derived peroxidase enzymes to
decolorize dyes in waste water. Advanced oxidation techniques to remove colored
material in textile effluent are presented by Yonar. Chequer, Dorta, and de Oliveira
give a warning about the potential toxicity of azo dyes and their metabolites.
This book will serve as a useful resource to anyone interested in the area of treating
textile waste water.

Prof. Peter J. Hauser
Director of Graduate Programs and Associate Department Head
Textile Engineering, Chemistry & Science Department
North Carolina State University
USA

1
Decolorisation of Textile Dyeing Effluents
Using Advanced Oxidation Processes
Taner Yonar
Uludag University, Environmental Engineering Department, Gorukle, Bursa,
Turkey
1. Introduction
Textile industry is a leading industry for most countries, such as China, Singapore, UK,
Bangladesh, Italy, Turkey etc. But, environmental pollution is one of the main results of this
industry. Parralel to usage of huge amounts of water ad chemicals, the textile dyeing and
finishing industry is one of the major polluters among industrial sectors, in the scope of
volume and the chemical composition of the discharged effluent (Pagga & Brown, 1986).
Textile industry effluents can be classified as dangerous for receiving waters, which
commonly contains high concentrations of recalcitrant organic and inorganic chemicals and
are characterised by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC),
high amounts of surfactants, dissolved solids, fluctuating temperature and pH, possibly
heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Cr, Ni) and strong colour (Grau, 1991, Akal Solmaz et al., 2006).
The presence of organic contaminants such as dyes, surfactants, pesticides, etc. in the
hydrosphere is of particular concern for the freshwater, coastal, and marine environments
because of their nonbiodegradability and potential carcinogenic nature of the majority of
these compounds (Demirbas at al., 2002, Fang et al., 2004, Bulut & Aydin, 2006,
Mahmoudi & Arami, 2006, Mahmoudi & Arami, 2008, Mozia at al., 2008, Li et al., 2008,
Atchariyawut et al., 2009, Mahmoudi & Arami, 2009a, Mahmoudi & Arami, 2009b,
Mahmoudi& Arami, 2010, Amini et al., 2011,). The major concern with colour is its
aesthethic character at the point of discharge with respect to the visibility of the receiving
waters (Slokar & Le Marechal, 1997).
The main reason of colour in textile industry effluent is the usage of large amounts of
dyestuffs during the dyeing stages of the textile-manufacturing process (O’neil et al., 1999,
Georgiou et al, 2002). Inefficient dyeing processes often result in significant dye residuals
being presented in the final dyehouse effluent in hydrolised or unfixed forms (Yonar et al.,
2005). Apart from the aesthetic problems relating to coloured effluent, dyes also strongly
absorb sunlight, thus impeding the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants and seriously
threatening the whole ecosystem. Stricter regulatory requirements along with an increased
public demand for colour-free effluent nessesitate the inclusion of a decolorisation step in
wastewater treatment plants (Kuo, 1992).
Well known and widely applied treatment method for the treatment of textile industry
wastewater is activated sludge process and it’s modifications. Combinations of activated
sludge process with physical and chemical processes can be found in most applications.
These traditional treatment methods require too many spaces and are affected by
2 Advances in Treating Textile Effluent
wastewater flow and characteristic variations. But, either activated sludge process
modifications itself or combinations of this process with physical or chemical processes are
inefficient for the treatment of coloured waste streams (Venceslau et al., 1994, Willmott et al.,
1998, Vendevivere et al., 1998, Uygur & Kok, 1999).
On the other hand, existing physico-chemical advanced treatment technologies such as,
membrane processes, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption etc. can only transfer
pollutants from one phase the other phase rather than eliminating the pollutants from
effluent body. Recovery and reuse of certain and valuable chemical compounds present in
the effluent is currently under investigation of most scientists (Erswell et al., 2002). At this
point, The AOPs show specific advantages over conventional treatment alternatives because
they can eliminate non-biodegradable organic components and avoid the need to dispose of
residual sludge. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) based on the generation of very
reactive and oxidizing free radicals, especially hydroxyl radicals, have been used with an
increasing interest due to the their high oxidant power (Kestioglu et al., 2005). In this
chapter, discussion and examples of colour removal from textile effluent will be focused on
those of most used AOPs.
2. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Principles and definitions
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are defined as the processes which involve
generation and use of powerfull but relatively non-selective hydroxyl radicals in sufficient
quantities to be able to oxidize majority of the complex chemicals present in the effluent
water (Gogate & Pandit, 2004a, EPA, 1998). Hydroxyl radicals (OH.) has the highest
oxidation potential (Oxidation potential, E : 2.8 eV vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE))
0
after fluorine radical. Fluorine, the strongest oxidant (Oxidation potential, E : 3.06 V) cannot
0
be used for wastewater treatment because of its high toxicity. From these reasons,
generation of hydroxyl radical including AOPs have gained the attention of most scientists
and technology developers.
The main and short mechanism of AOPs can be defined in two steps: (a) the generation of
hydroxyl radicals, (b) oxidative reaction of these radicals with molecues (Azbar et al., 2005).
AOPs can convert the dissolved organic pollutants to CO and HO. The generation of
2 2
highly effective hydroxyl radical might possibly be by the use of UV, UV/O , UV/HO ,
3 2 2
Fe+2/H2O2, TiO2/H2O2 and a number of other processes (Mandal et al., 2004).
AOPs can be classified in two groups: (1) Non-photochemical AOPs, (2) Photochemical AOPs.
Non-photochemical AOPs include cavitation, Fenton and Fenton-like processes, ozonation at
high pH, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, wet air oxidation etc. Short description of some
important AOPs are given below. Photochemical oxidation processes include homegenous
(vacuum UV photolysis, UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/ozone, UV/ozone/hydrogen peroxide,
photo-Fenton etc), and heterogeneous (photocatalysis etc) processes.
2.1 Non-photochemical oxidation processes
Non-photochemical oxidation processes can be classified as (1) Ozonation, (2)
Ozone/Hydregen Peroxide, (3) Fenton Process, (4) Electrochemical Oxidation, (5)
Supercritical water oxidation, (6) Cavitataion, (7) Elelctrical discharge-based nonthermal
plasma, (8) gamma-ray, (9) x-ray and (10) electron beam. Ozonation, ozone/hydrogen
peroxide and Fenton-process are widely applied and examined processes for the treatment
of textile effluent. From this reason, brief explanations and examples are given below.