Advances in Solar Energy Research

593 Pages·2019·19.079 MB·English

by  Himanshu Tyagi, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Prodyut R. Chakraborty, Satvasheel Powar

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series Editors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal · Ashok Pandey
Himanshu Tyagi
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Prodyut R. Chakraborty
Satvasheel Powar Editors
Advances in
Solar Energy
Research
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series editors
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books
focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it
relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the
International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in
these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the
globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in
areas including, but not limited to:
(cid:129) Renewable Energy
(cid:129) Alternative Fuels
(cid:129) Engines and Locomotives
(cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion
(cid:129) Fossil Fuels
(cid:129) Carbon Capture
(cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy
(cid:129) Environmental Pollution
(cid:129) Waste Management
(cid:129) Transportation Sustainability
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901
Himanshu Tyagi Avinash Kumar Agarwal
(cid:129)
Prodyut R. Chakraborty Satvasheel Powar
(cid:129)
Editors
Advances in Solar Energy
Research
123
Editors
HimanshuTyagi ProdyutR. Chakraborty
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
Rupnagar,India Jodhpur, Rajasthan,India
Avinash KumarAgarwal SatvasheelPowar
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh, India Mandi,Himachal Pradesh, India
ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment, andSustainability
ISBN978-981-13-3301-9 ISBN978-981-13-3302-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3302-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018961729
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019
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Foreword
Why Do We Need Solar Energy Research?
Thisvolumeincludesexcellentoverviewsofanumberoftraditionalandemerging
areas of solar research, such as solar photovoltaic cells and systems, solar fuels,
concentratingsolarpower,solarthermalapplications.Itisclear,evenwithdecades
ofsolarenergyresearchbehindus,thatthereremainsanurgentneedforcontinued
scientific and technological advances, particularly in India. Data and forecasts
availablefromtheInternationalEnergyAgency(https://www.iea.org/)suggestthat
from2016to2040,Indiawillbethesinglelargestcontributor(*30%)togrowthin
worldwideenergydemand,overtakingChinaandleadingtoanestimated*11%of
global energy consumption in 2040. The total primary energy supply (TPES) of
India, defined as the net difference between local production and imports (+) and
exports and storage (−), is growing at an average rate of *5%/year since 2006,
compared with a negative TPES growth rate for China in 2016. Interestingly,
relatively few articles in this volume discuss concentrating solar power (CSP),
which for some time has been the main driver behind solar thermal engineering
research. It is quite possible that the authors represented here recognize that CSP
will increasingly lose market share to utility-scale photovoltaic power, especially
withcontinuedadvancesinutility-scalebatteries.Thismeansthatthesolarthermal
research community, in India and elsewhere, needs to turn their attention to other
pressing issues for which solar thermal energy can be better suited.
ReturningourattentiontothetitleofthisForeword,itisworthwhiletoconsider
thepotentialimpacts ofsolarenergy researchbeyondsimply substitutingforfossil
fuels. Of course, the greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of renewable energy are
apparent, although often these are not well quantified by solar researchers. But,
GHG emissions are just one environmental impact offossil fuels. Burning coal, in
particular,releasesheavymetals,particulates,andNOxintotheenvironment,notto
v
vi Foreword
mention the deleterious environmental and health impacts of coal mining.1 But
sometimes,whatisoverlookedistheeconomicimpactofsolarenergydevelopment
and technology deployment. Solar energy, as well as other renewable energy
technologies suchaswindenergy, tends tocreatelocaljobs inboth manufacturing
andassemblyandininstallationandmaintenance.Forexample,intheUSA,theUS
Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts an employment growth rate of 105% for solar
PV installers from 2016 to 2026.2 On the macroeconomic level, money that
(usually) flows out of an area (or country) to purchase fossil fuels will instead
remainlocal,oncetheneedforthosefossilfuelsiseliminated.Inshort,solarenergy
research is needed for many reasons—micro- and macroeconomic, environmental,
and health—and solar energy researchers need to understand these motivations to
better position their research agendas in this wider context.
What areas of solar energy research may, in particular, require more attention?
One area is industrial process heating, which can be divided into low-temperature
(<100 °C), medium-temperature (100–400 °C), and high-temperature (>400 °C)
applications. Such industrial heating represents *20% of global energy con-
sumption, and India is poised to once again overtake China as the greatest single
contributortogrowthintheneedforhigh-temperatureindustrialheat.3Innovations
inbothsolarthermalengineeringandhigh-temperatureheatpumpsarenecessaryto
reduce the huge amount of GHG emissions that will be generated by simply
burning fossil fuels to produce heat. Other applications may well involve the
combined use of solar thermal energy and solar photovoltaics, as well as
solar-driven chemistry such as photocatalysis. Whatever the application, the solar
energy research community is ready, capable, and willing to address these out-
standing global problems.
Tempe, Arizona, USA Prof. Patrick E. Phelan
Professor,Mechanical&
AerospaceEngineering&
AssistantDeanofGraduatePrograms,
IraA.FultonSchoolsofEngineering
ArizonaStateUniversity
1See,e.g.,Munawer,M.E.,2018,“Humanhealthandenvironmentalimpactsofcoalcombustion
andpost-combustionwastes,”JournalofSustainableMining,Vol.17,pp.87–96.
2https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/solar-photovoltaic-installers.htm.
3https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/january/commentary-clean-and-efficient-heat-for-industry.
html.
Preface
Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and
urbanization. Global economy and society are significantly dependent on energy
availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities.
Transportation and power generation are two major examples. Without the trans-
portationbymillionsofpersonalizedandmasstransportvehiclesandavailabilityof
24 (cid:1) 7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living
standards.
The International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability (ISEES)
was founded at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), India, in
January 2014 with the aim of spreading knowledge/awareness and catalyzing
research activities in the fields of energy, environment, sustainability, and com-
bustion.Thesociety’sgoalistocontributetothedevelopmentofclean,affordable,
and secure energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to
spread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and create awareness about the
environmental challenges, which the world is facing today. The unique way
adopted by the society was to break the conventional silos of specializations
(engineering, science, environment, agriculture, biotechnology, materials, fuels,
etc.) to tackle the problems related to energy, environment, and sustainability in a
holisticmanner.This isquite evident bytheparticipation of experts from all fields
to resolve these issues. ISEES is involved in various activities such as conducting
workshops, seminars, and conferences in the domains of its interest. The society
also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young scientists and engineers
for their contributions in these fields by conferring them awards under various
categories.
Thesecondinternationalconferenceon“SustainableEnergyandEnvironmental
Challenges” (SEEC-2018) was organized under the auspices of ISEES from
December31,2017,toJanuary3,2018,atJNTataAuditorium,IndianInstituteof
Science, Bangalore. This conference provided a platform for discussions between
eminent scientists and engineers from various countries including India, USA,
South Korea, Norway, Finland, Malaysia, Austria, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. In
this conference, eminent speakers from all over the world presented their views
vii
viii Preface
relatedtodifferentaspectsofenergy,combustion,emissions,andalternativeenergy
resources for sustainable development and a cleaner environment. The conference
presentedfivehigh-voltageplenarytalksfromgloballyrenownedexpertsontopical
themes, namely “Is It Really the End of Combustion Engines and Petroleum?” by
Prof.Gautamkalghatgi,SaudiAramco;“EnergySustainabilityinIndia:Challenges
and Opportunities” by Prof. Baldev Raj, NIAS, Bangalore; “Methanol Economy:
An Option for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges” by Dr. Vijay
Kumar Saraswat, Hon. Member (S&T), NITI Ayog, Government of India;
“Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle for Power Generation” by Prof.
Pradip Dutta, IISc Bangalore; and “Role of Nuclear Fusion for Environmental
Sustainability of Energy in Future” by Prof. J. S. Rao, Altair Engineering.
The conference included 27 technical sessions on topics related to energy and
environmental sustainability including 5 plenary talks, 40 keynote talks, and 18
invitedtalksfromprominentscientists,inadditionto142contributedtalks,and74
poster presentations by students and researchers. The technical sessions in the
conference included Advances in IC Engines: SI Engines, Solar Energy: Storage,
Fundamentals of Combustion, Environmental Protection and Sustainability,
Environmental Biotechnology, Coal and Biomass Combustion/Gasification, Air
Pollution and Control, Biomass to Fuels/Chemicals: Clean Fuels, Advances in IC
Engines: CI Engines, Solar Energy: Performance, Biomass to Fuels/Chemicals:
Production, Advances in IC Engines: Fuels, Energy Sustainability, Environmental
Biotechnology, Atomization and Sprays, Combustion/Gas Turbines/Fluid
Flow/Sprays, Biomass to Fuels/Chemicals, Advances in IC Engines: New
Concepts, Energy Sustainability, Waste to Wealth, Conventional and Alternate
Fuels, Solar Energy, Wastewater Remediation, and Air Pollution. One of the
highlights of the conference was the rapid-fire poster sessions in (i) Energy
Engineering, (ii) Environment and Sustainability, and (III) Biotechnology, where
morethan75studentsparticipatedwithgreatenthusiasmandwonmanyprizesina
fiercelycompetitiveenvironment.Morethan200participantsandspeakersattended
this four-day conference, which also hosted Dr. Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Hon.
Member (S&T), NITI Ayog, Government of India, as the chief guest for the book
release ceremony, where 16 ISEES books published by Springer, under a special
dedicated series “Energy, Environment, and Sustainability” were released. This is
the first time that such significant and high-quality outcome has been achieved by
any society in India. The conference concluded with a panel discussion on
“Challenges, Opportunities & Directions for Future Transportation Systems,”
where the panelists were Prof. Gautam Kalghatgi, Saudi Aramco; Dr. Ravi
Prashanth, Caterpillar Inc.; Dr. Shankar Venugopal, Mahindra and Mahindra; Dr.
Bharat Bhargagava, DG, ONGC Energy Center; and Dr. Umamaheshwar, GE
Transportation, Bangalore. The panel discussion was moderated by Prof. Ashok
Pandey, Chairman, ISEES. This conference laid out the road map for technology
development, opportunities, and challenges in energy, environment, and sustain-
ability domains. All these topicsare veryrelevantfor thecountryand the world in
the present context. We acknowledge the support received from various funding
agencies and organizations for the successful conduct of the second ISEES
Preface ix
conferenceSEEC-2018,wherethesebooksgerminated.Wewouldthereforeliketo
acknowledge SERB, Government of India (special thanks to Dr. Rajeev Sharma,
Secretary); ONGC Energy Center (special thanks to Dr. Bharat Bhargava); TAFE
(special thanks to Sh. Anadrao Patil); Caterpillar (special thanks to Dr. Ravi
Prashanth); Progress Rail, TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma);
Tesscorn, India (special thanks to Sh. Satyanarayana); GAIL, VOLVO; and our
publishing partner Springer (special thanks to Swati Meherishi).
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to a large number of
authors from all over the world for submitting their high-quality work in a
timely manner and revising it appropriately at short notice. We would like to
express our special thanks to all the reviewers (Dr. Eric Anderson, Dr. Vishal
Bhalla, Dr. Anirban Bhattacharya, Dr. Muhammad Burhan, Dr. Prodyut
Chakraborty, Dr. Deepak Ganta, Dr. Manas Gartia, Dr. Ankur Gupta, Dr. Khairul
Habib,Dr.M.KumJa,Dr.DineshKabra,Dr.VikrantKhullar,Dr.E.AnilKumar,
Dr. Atul Lanjewar, Dr. Rudrodip Majumdar, Dr. Balkrishna Mehta, Dr. Amaresh
Mishra,Dr.SouravMitra,Dr.DhirajPatil,Dr.SmaratRao,Dr.BidyutBaranSaha,
Dr. Sandip Saha, Dr. Marie-Pierre Santoni, Dr. Soumitra Satapathi, Dr. Sanjeev
Soni, Dr. Vijay Kumar Soni, Dr. K. R. Justin Thomas, Dr. Ponnulakshmi VK,
Dr.VivekVishwakarma),whoreviewedvariouschaptersofthisbookandprovided
very valuablesuggestions tothe authors toimprove their manuscript.
Thismonographisintendedforresearchersworkinginthefieldofsolarenergy,
and we hope that the book would be of great interest to the professionals and
post-graduate students involved in the study of solar thermal collectors, solar
radiation forecasting, dye-sensitized solar cells, concentrated photovoltaics, energy
storage systems, solar fuels, and various solar-based applications (such as desali-
nation, cooling, gasification, cooking). The main objective of this monograph isto
promoteabetterandmoreaccurateunderstandingofthevariousaspectsofresearch
in the field of solar energy.
Rupnagar, India Himanshu Tyagi
Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Jodhpur, India Prodyut R. Chakraborty
Mandi, India Satvasheel Powar