Advances in Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in Medicine

650 Pages·1980·21.971 MB·English

by  Alessandro Rindi (auth.), Ralph H. Thomas, Victor Perez-Mendez (eds.)

,Advances in Radiation
Protection and
Dosimetry in Medicine
ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor:
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
(LIFE SCIENCES)
Volume 1 BLADDER TUMORS AND OTHER TOPICS IN UROLOGICAL
ONCOLOGY
Edited by M. Pavone-Macaluso, P. H. Smith, and F. Edsmyr
Volume 2 ADVANCES IN RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY
IN MEDICINE
Edited by Ralph H. Thomas and Victor Perez-Mendez
Advances in Radiation
Protection and
Dosimetry in Medicine
Edited by
Ralph H. Thomas
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, California
and
Victor Perez-Mendez
University of California at San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, 3d, Erice, Italy, 1979.
Advances in radiation protection and dosimetry.
(Ettore Majorana international science series: Life sciences; v. 2)
Proceedings of the third course of the International School of Radiation Damage and
Protection, held Sept. 16-29,1979, in Erice, Italy.
Includes index.
1. Radiology, Medical-Congresses. 2. Radiation dosimetry-Congresses. 3. Particle
beams-Diagnostic use-Congresses. 4. Particle beams-Therapeutic use-Congresses.
5. Radiation-Physiological effect-Congresses. I. Thomas, Ralph H. II. Perez·
Mendez, Victor. III. Title. IV. Series: [DNLM: 1. Radiation protection-Con·
gresses. 2. Radiation dosage-Congresses. 3. Radiometry-Congresses. WL ET712M
v. 2/WN650 16555 1979a1
R895.A2154 1979 616.07'572 80·20218
ISBN 978-1-4757-1717-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-1715-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1715-0
Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Radiation Protection Dosimetry in
Medicine, held in Italy, September 16-25, 1979.
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1980.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Editors of these proceedings (and co-directors of the
course) wish to acknowledge the assistance they have received from
Drs. G. T. Chen, S. B. Curtis and W. Schimmerling in organizing
the course held at Erice in September 1979. They played an
important role in arrangements made from Berkeley.
Dr. Rindi, Director of the International School of Radiation
Damage and Protection, was invaluable in making early arrangements
within Western Europe, while Dr. A. Gabriele, Scientific Secretary
of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre, made the many detailed arrange
ments in Erice that were necessary for a successful course.
We are indebted also to Italian Ministry of Public Education,
The Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research,
The Italian National Research Council, The Sicilian Regional
Government, and the Italian Radiation Protection Association for
sponsoring this course.
Great thanks are also due to Professor A. Zichichi, who had
the great energy and imagination to create the "Ettore Majorana"
Centre for Scientific Culture in the beautiful town of Erice-
whose citizens so warmly welcome participants.
Finally no course would be possible without participants-
students and lecturers. Thank you for having attended!
Ralph H. Thomas
Victor Perez-Mendez
CONTENTS
Opening of the Course . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 1
A. Rindi
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
The New Particles and Their Application in
Medicine 5
S.B. Curtis
LECTURES
Introduction and Fundamentals . . . . 27
R.H. Thomas
Advances in Energy Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
H.G. Paretzke
Microdosimetry and Its Applications to
Biology .......... . 75
H.H. Rossi
Biological Effects of Radiation and Their
Variation with Radiation Quality 83
G. Silini
Late Effects of Low Doses and Dose Rates 97
H.G. Paretzke
Radiation Risks in Man and the Rationale for
the ICRP System of Dose Limitation 115
G. Silini
The Role of the Theory of Dual Radiation
Action in Radiation Protection 131
H.H. Rossi
vii
viii CONTENTS
Detectors for Radiation Dosimetry • • • • • • • • • • • 143
V. Perez-Mendez
Passive Detectors • 181
R.H. Thomas
New Sources of Radiation 227
W. Schimmerling
Radioisotopes Production by Accelerators 269
C. Birattari
Charged Particles in Medical Diagnosis 289
G.T.Y. Chen and W.R. Holley
Advances in Diagnostic Instrumentation 317
V. Perez-Mendez
Dosimetry of High Energy Photon Beams in
Nonhomogeneous Media 345
A. Dutreix
Dosimetry and Radiobiology of Protons as
Applied to Cancer Therapy and
Neurosurgery • • • • • • • • • 367
B. Larsson
Dosimetry of Neutrons 395
J.J. Broerse
Biological Effects of Neutrons 415
J.J. Broerse
Dosimetry of Pions • • •• ••••••• 431
J.F. Dicello, M. Zaider, and D.J. Brenner
Radiobiological Effects of Pions 465
J.F. Dicello
Heavy-Ion Dosimetry 479
W. Schimmerling
The Biological Properties of High-Energy
Charged Particles ..•.•••• 517
S.B. Curtis
Treatment Planning for Charged Particle
Radiotherapy • • • • • • • • • • 529
G.T.Y. Chen
CONTENTS ix
Use of Computerized Tomography in Photon and
Electron Treatment Planning • • . • • . 557
A. Dutreix
Selected Advances in the Use of Computers
in Radiation Theory . . . . • • • . 579
G.T.Y. Chen
Radiation Monitoring 603
R.H. Thomas
Participants 637
Lecturers 641
Index .• 643
OPENING OF THE COURSE
Alessandro Rindi
Director of the School INFN-LNF
Frascati (Italy)
When Ralph Thomas and I started this School with the first
course in 1975, I was a little stirred and shy because it seemed
to me a rather large responsibility to introduce Health Physics
to the "E. Majorana" Centre. This authoritative and very influen
tial centre welcomes eminent scientific authorities - several
Nobel laureates just a few days ago sat in these very chairs - to
discuss problems and theories at the frontier of scientific
research. Health Physics has often been considered the Cinderella
of science and there has been a tendency to see health physicists
as mere "surveyors" who limit themselves to practical applications
of knowledge and methods developed in other branches of science.
On the contrary, I firmly believe that Health Physics is a
field of theoretical and applied research in its own right that,
like all branches of science, takes advantage of the results in
other fields and, at the same time, provides original results that
are used by other scientific disciplines.
The first course, directed by Ralph Thomas and me, both at
that time from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (USA), was held from
1 to 10 October 1975 and was devoted to "High Energy Radiation
Dosimetry and Protection". Thirty-eight scientist from twelve
countries participated to the course. The lectures and seminars
were presented by J. V. Bailey from NASA (USA), S. B. Curtis from
LBL (USA), E. Freytag from DESY (Germany), P. J. Gollon from FNAL
(USA), M. Ladu from the University of Cagliari (Italy), W. R.
Nelson from SLAC (USA), M. Pelliccioni from LNF (Italy),
V. Perez-Mendez from LBL (USA), S. Pszona from B. Jadrowych
Institute (Poland), H. H. Rossi from Columbia University (USA),
J. T. Routti from University of Helsinki (Finland), and G. R.
2 A. RINDI
Stevenson from CERN (Switzerland). The lectures covered the fol
lowing fields of interest in dosimetry and protection around
accelerators and in space missions: the physical specification
of radiation fields and their measurement; the precise definition
of dose equivalent and its derivation from physical measurements;
the design of instrumentation to implement adequate measurement;
an understanding of the interaction of the various components of
a radiation field with matter and the related calculation and
design of shielding for radiation in the human body; the evalua
tion of risk from radiation of high LET such as those encountered
around accelerators and in space. The proceedings of the course
were published in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (Vol. NS-23
No.4, 1976).
After the first course, a large number of possible topics
for other courses were proposed by several scientists interested
in Health Physics.
The second course was held from October 26 to November 3,
1978. It was directed by W. R. Nelson of SLAC (USA) and devoted
to "The Use of Computers in Health Physics". Forty-two people
from fourteen countries participated. Twenty-seven lectures and
four seminars were presented by T. W. Armstrong from Science
Application Inc. (USA), H. Dinter from DESY (West Germany),
W. W. Engle from ORNL (USA), T. A. Gabriel from ORNL (USA),
T. Nakamura from the University of Tokyo (Japan), K. O'Brien from
the Health and Safety Laboratory of the Dept. of Energy (USA),
C. Ponti from Euratom (Italy), J. Ranft from K. Marx University
(East Germany), J. T. Routti from University of Helsinki (Finland),
G. R. Stevenson from CERN (Switzerland) and A. Van Ginneken from
FNAL (USA). The lectures covered the following fields: review
of the basic mathematical techniques used in radiation transport
like analytic, Monte-Carlo, discrete ordinates etc; presentation
of the main codes from electromagnetic shower and hadronic cas
cade calculations; basic techniques and codes used in activation
spectrum analysis; use of these techniques for solving problems
in radiation dosimetry, shielding, spectrum analysis, radiation
therapy, detector design, cosmic ray physics etc. The proceed
ings of the course have been published by Plenum Publishing Corp.
(E. Majorana International Science Series, Vol. 3, New York,1979).
The scientific success of these two courses assured Health Physics
a dignified place in the "E. Majorana" cultural "family" and we
were encouraged to go on.
So, I am very glad to open this course of the School.
The "new" particles, at present widely used in medicine, are
not new to the nuclear physicist. Indeed, electron and proton
beams of energy and intensity adequate for application to