Advances in Polymer Coated Textiles

500 Pages·8.25 MB·English

by  Akovali, Güneri, Banerjee, Bireswar, Sen, Ashish Kumar Sen, Setua, Dipak K.

Advances in Polymer
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Published by Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd, 2012 n
c Coated Textiles
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Polymer coated textiles are known as engineered composite materials at macro scale. a
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Coating can offer significant improvements to the substrate, thanks to a combination of e
physical (such as impermeability and fabric abrasion), chemical and aesthetic components. d
The number of polymer combinations enables a wide variety of textile substrate structures
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and new, innovative applications are being introduced almost every day. e
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The polymer coated textile industry runs in parallel with the developments in textile i
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research: applications such as reactive coatings with nanoparticles (with self-cleaning, self- e
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sterilising surfaces), systems with conductive polymer coatings to provide EM shielding,
electronic textile systems (with body monitoring properties), environmental responsive
Edited by
systems and so forth, are already somewhat classical and are continually being developed
and updated.
Güneri Akovali
Advances in Polymer Coated Textiles is an up-to-date summary of the technical textile
industry, considering the passage from conventional to emerging technologies. It discusses
the criteria for selection of coating and textile and summarises the manufacturing basics
of the system. It explores a range of emerging technologies, including smart, intelligent
and nanostructured applications, alongside the testing and quality control methods of
such systems.
This book is a must for textile and polymer technologists, engineers, scientists and students
and all those who are interested in this interdisciplinary field.
G
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Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK A i
Telephone: [phone] k te
Fax: [phone] o d
Web: www.polymer-books.com va b
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Advances in Polymer
Coated Textiles
Edited by
Güneri Akovali
A Smithers Group Company
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom
Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
http://www.polymer-books.com
First Published in 2012 by
Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK
©2012, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part
of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior permission from the copyright holder.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material reproduced
within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if
any have been overlooked.
ISBN: 978-1-84735-497-6 (Hardback)
978-1-84735-498-3 (Softback)
978-1-84735-499-0 (ebook)
Typeset by Argil Services
P
reface
Polymer-coated textiles are extensively used in applications such as clothing,
agriculture, construction, furnishing, sports and leisure, defence and medical
applications. They are in virtually every part of our daily life.
These systems are simply engineered composite materials at the macro scale. At
this scale, they can offer significant improvements to the textile substrate. These
improvements can be in physical properties (e.g., impermeability and fabric abrasion),
and/or overall chemical properties, as well as the appearance. These improvements are
dependent upon appropriately combining the advantages of the components involved.
Polymer-coated textiles are a multi-billion dollar industry. These systems employ
various types of textile substrate structures available, mostly of technical textiles, which
is worth ≥70 billion USD. There are several possibilities for the use of different types
of polymers and textile structures as well as for their combinations. Hence, this area
is open to creativity and innovative application. The polymer-coated textile industry,
being parallel to developments in textile research, is very dynamic. Applications such
as reactive coatings with nanoparticles (with self-cleaning, self-sterilising surfaces),
systems with conductive polymer coatings to provide electromagnetic shielding (which
is expected to produce >12 billion USD revenue by 2015), e-(electronic) textile systems
with body-monitoring properties, and environmental responsive systems are part of
these exciting new developments.
This book has been prepared as an up-to-date summary of this dynamic subject
by considering the passage from conventional to emerging technologies. That is,
the ‘basics’ and the ‘advances’ involved in this interdisciplinary interesting area
have been addressed by four experts. The basic information is given in Chapters
1 and 2, followed by the criteria for selection of the coat (Chapter 3) and textile
substrate (Chapter 4). The manufacturing basics of the system are summarised in
Chapter 5. Emerging technologies and applications (including smart, intelligent
and nanostructured applications) are shown in Chapters 6 and 7, and the testing
and quality-control methods of these systems discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. This
subject cannot be covered completely and efficiently from its basic characteristics to
its contemporary state in one book. Nevertheless, we hope that it will help to shed
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Advances in Polymer Coated Textiles
light on the existing knowledge for textile and polymer technologists, engineers,
scientists, and students.
I, on behalf of my co-authors, wish to thank Frances Powers-Gardiner (Commissioning
Editor for Smithers Rapra Technology Limited, Shrewsbury, UK) for her unceasing
valuable support and kind cooperation. I must also acknowledge the kind help
offered by Calpreta Parkinson (Editorial and Sales Assistant) and Eleanor Garmson
(Development Editor) at Smithers Rapra Technology Limited, as well as Argil Services
(Typesetters).
Güneri Akovali
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ontributors
Güneri Akovali
Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06531 Ankara,
Turkey
Bireswar Banerjee
B-12/3, Karunamoyee Estate, Salt Lake, Calcutta 700091, India
Ashish Kumar Sen
117/631 Pandunagar, Kanpur 208005, India
Dipak K. Setua
Defence Research & Development Organization, Defence Materials & Stores Research
& Development Establishment, DMSRDE P.O. G.T. Road, Kanpur 208013, India
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Advances in Polymer Coated Textiles
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ontents
1 Thermoplastic Polymers Used in Textile Coatings ......................................1
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................1
1.1.1 Polymers and their Classification .......................................3
1.1.1.1 Thermoplastics .................................................4
1.1.1.2 Thermosets ......................................................5
1.1.1.3 Rubbers ...........................................................6
1.2 Polymeric Materials Commonly Used for Textiles Coating ............7
1.2.1 Polyvinyl Chloride .............................................................9
1.2.2 Polyvinylidene Chloride ...................................................13
1.2.3 Polyvinyl Acetate and Acetate Copolymers
(Ethlene Vinyl Acetate) ....................................................15
1.2.4 Acrylics (Acrylic Polymers) ..............................................16
1.2.5 Polyurethane ....................................................................17
1.2.5.1 Polyurethane Foams ........................................22
1.2.5.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene Coatings ....................22
1.2.5.3 Polyolefin Coatings .........................................23
2 Rubbers and Elastomers Used in Textile Coatings ...................................25
2.1 Natural and Synthetic Rubbers Used for the Coating of Textiles ...27
2.1.1 Natural Rubber ..............................................................27
2.1.1.1 Production and Processing of Natural Rubber 28
2.1.1.2 Properties of Natural Rubber ..........................29
2.1.1.3 Additives Used in Natural Rubber Mixes ........31
2.1.1.4 Derivatives of Natural Rubber ........................35
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Advances in Polymer Coated Textiles
2.1.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber ...............................................37
2.1.2.1 Properties of Styrene Butadiene
Rubber and Textile Coating ............................37
2.1.2.2 High Styrene Resins .......................................40
2.1.3 Polybutadiene Rubber .....................................................40
2.1.4 Chloroprene Rubber ........................................................42
2.1.5 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (Nitrile Rubber)..............46
2.1.5.1 Derivatives of Nitrile Rubber ..........................51
2.1.6 Isobutylene-isoprene Rubber (IIR) ...................................51
2.1.6.1 Derivatives of Butyl Rubber ............................55
2.1.7 Ethylene Propylene Rubber ..............................................56
2.1.8 Silicone Rubber ................................................................60
2.1.9 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber ...........................64
2.1.10 Polyacrylic Rubbers .........................................................67
2.1.11 Polysulfide Rubber ...........................................................70
2.1.12 Reclaim (or Regenerated) Rubber ....................................72
3 Criteria for the Selection of Rubbers for Coating: Physical
and Chemical Characteristics ...................................................................79
3.1 Selection Criteria for Rubber Coating on Textiles .........................80
3.1.1 Processability ...................................................................80
3.1.2 Adhesion to Fabrics .........................................................89
3.2 Requirements of Physical and Chemical Characteristics ................92
3.2.1 Tear and Abrasion Resistance .........................................95
3.2.2 Resilience and Flexibility .................................................97
3.2.3 Characteristics of Environmental Resistance:
Ozone and Ultraviolet Light ............................................98
3.2.4 Low Temperature Flexibility of Elastomers ....................101
3.2.5 Electrical Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity............102
3.2.6 Impermeability to Air and Gases ...................................105
3.2.7 Resistance to Water, Acids and Alkalis ...........................106
3.2.8 Resistance to Oils and Solvents ......................................109
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Contents
3.2.9 Flame Resistance ............................................................112
3.2.10 Rot-proofing, and Resistance to Attack by
Fungi and Insects ...........................................................114
3.2.11 Odorants and Flavouring Agents ...................................116
4 Natural and Synthetic Textiles Used in Polymer Coatings .....................119
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................119
4.2 General Criteria for the Selection of Textile for Polymer
Coatings .....................................................................................121
4.2.1 Choice of Textiles for Rubber Coating ...........................121
4.3 Reinforcing Fibres and their Origins for Application
in Elastomer Coatings .................................................................123
4.3.1 Natural Origin Fibres ...................................................123
4.3.2 Man-made Rayon Fibres ...............................................124
4.3.3 Fibres of Organic (Man-made) Synthetic Polymers .......124
4.3.3.1 Nylon ...........................................................124
4.3.3.2 Polyester ......................................................124
4.3.3.3 Aramid ..........................................................125
4.3.4 Non-Polymeric (and Man-made) Fibres .........................125
4.3.4.1 Steel Fibre .....................................................125
4.3.4.2 Fibres of Mineral Origin: Asbestos ................125
4.3.5 Synthetic (Man-made) Polymers of Inorganic Origin .....125
4.3.6 Cotton ..........................................................................126
4.3.6.1 Processing of Cotton Fabric ..........................127
4.3.6.2 Finishes and Treatments of Cotton Fabric .....127
4.3.6.3 Characteristics of Cotton Fabric ...................129
4.4 Jute Textile Fabric .......................................................................129
4.4.1 Characteristics of Jute Fabric .........................................131
4.5 Rayon .........................................................................................131
4.5.1 Characteristics of Rayon Fabric .....................................132
4.6 Nylon Textiles .............................................................................133
4.6.1 Characteristics of Nylon Fabric .....................................136
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