Advances In Parasitology [Vol 60] - J. Baker, R. Muller, D. Rollinson (AP, 2005) WW

366 Pages·2005·2.71 MB·English

Editorial Board

M. Coluzzi, Director, Istituto de Parassitologia, Universita` Degli Studi di
Roma ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy

C. Combes, Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, Universite´ de Perpignan,
Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´ diterrane´ enne, Avenue de
Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France

D.D. Despommier, Division of Tropical Medicine and Environmental
Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 630 West
168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA

J.J. Shaw, Instituto de Cieˆ ncias Biome´ dicas, Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo,
av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-900, Cidade Universita´ ria, Sa˜ o Paulo,
SP, Brazil

K. Tanabe, Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1
Ohmiya Asahi-Ku, Osaka 535, Japan

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 60

V. ALI, Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate
School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma,
371– 8511, Japan

C. BANDI, DIPAV Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia,
Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy

T.H. CRIBB, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences and Centre
for Marine Studies, Parasitology Section, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

A. HOERAUF, Institute of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany

M.J. NOLAN, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences and Centre
for Marine Studies, Parasitology Section, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

T. NOZAKI, Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate
School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma,
371– 8511, Japan

P.D. OLSON, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum,
Darwin Centre, 712 Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK

M.J. TAYLOR, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK

V.V. TKACH, Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 1
Campus Drive, 101 Starcher Hall, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9019,
USA

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v

M. TOKORO, Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical
Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-
8640, Japan

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 60
vi

Preface

The volume opens with a review by Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Vahab Ali
and Masaharu Tokoro, of Gunma University, the Institute of
Infectious Diseases, and Kanazawa University in Japan, of sulfur-
containing amino acids in parasitic protozoa. These compounds are
involved in many metabolic processes, including the biosynthesis of
proteins, polyamines and glutathione. Genome analysis of the relevant
enzymes in a range of parasitic protozoa (species of Cryptosporidium,
Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma) has revealed
wide differences between the parasites and, perhaps more importantly,
between them and their mammalian hosts. Some of these enzymes and
pathways are present in the parasites but absent from their hosts. This
diversity should enable selected parasitic protozoa to serve as models
in studies aimed at further elucidating the biological significance of the
metabolism of these compounds. The sulfur-containing amino acids of
the parasites also represent interesting potential targets for future
chemotherapeutic interventions.
Mark Taylor of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK,
Claudio Bandi of the University of Milan, Italy, and Achim Hoerauf
of the University of Bonn, Germany, review the presence and
importance of the symbiotic, intracellular, bacterium Wolbachia in
filariae of medical importance. The bacterium is essential for parasite
fertility and survival and this is leading to promising results with the
use of antibiotics as chemotherapeutic agents against lymphatic
filariasis and onchocerciasis. The authors also discuss the role of
Wolbachia in inflammatory-mediated pathogenesis resulting from
these
filarial
infections
and
in
adverse
reactions
to
classical
microfilaricidal drugs.
The next two reviews are closely linked; both are concerned with
recent
developments
in
molecular
systematics.
The
first
is
a

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contribution from Matthew Nolan and Tom Cribb, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Australia who examine in detail the use of
ribosomal DNA for the identification of species of Digenea. They pay
particular attention to the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal
DNA (ITS rDNA) as this has been much used in recent taxonomic
studies. Indeed they consider 63 studies that have reported partial or
complete ITS rDNA sequences. The authors consider the wider
implications of ITS sequencing and how best to assess and use the
molecular information in association with morphological or biologi-
cal traits. They conclude by highlighting what they believe to be the
characteristics of an effective taxonomic study to explore trematode
species boundaries. The second review takes a much broader look at
the application of molecular systematics to the parasitic Platyhel-
minthes (Cestoda, Digenea and Monogenea). Peter Olson, The
Natural History Museum, London, UK and Vasyl Tkach, University
of North Dakota, USA review the many advances that have been
made through molecular studies in the understanding of the
systematics, evolution, taxonomy and species identification in these
groups. It is interesting to see how different questions have been
tackled in each of the three groups and the current state of play in
unravelling the respective phylogenies. Future directions are con-
sidered, including the future value of mitochondrial and nuclear
genomics in systematic studies.
The coccidian Eimeria is one of the most important parasites of
poultry and in the final chapter Martin Shirley, Adrian Smith and
Fiona Tomley of the Institute of Animal Health, Compton, UK,
review the biology of avian species and particularly recent work on
their control by vaccination. Sequencing of the nuclear genome of
one species (Eimeria tenella) is providing new information on life
cycles and on protective immune responses. While the use of live
vaccines provides the most successful current vaccine strategy,
recombinant expressed antigens, maternal immunization and DNA
vaccines are promising new lines of research.

John Baker
Ralph Muller
David Rollinson

PREFACE
viii

Contents

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii

Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid Metabolism in Parasitic
Protozoa

Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Vahab Ali and Masaharu Tokoro

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2.
Biological Importance of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and
Their Metabolic Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
3.
Metabolisms of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids. . . . . . . . . . . .
13
4.
Sulfur Assimilatory de novo Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway. . . .
36
5.
Degradative Pathways of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids. . . . .
45
6.
Serine Metabolic Pathways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
7.
Developmental Stage Regulation of Metabolic Pathways of
Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
8.
Remaining Questions and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71

The Use and Implications of Ribosomal DNA Sequencing
for the Discrimination of Digenean Species

Matthew J. Nolan and Thomas H. Cribb

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
2.
The Digenea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
3.
Species Distinction: Traditional and Modern Approaches . . . . .
104

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4.
Genes and Spacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
5.
Studies Using ITS rDNA to Distinguish Digenean Species . . . .
111
6.
The Interpretation of ITS rDNA Sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
7.
Implications of ITS Sequencing for Digenean Taxonomy . . . . .
146
8.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156

Advances and Trends in the Molecular Systematics of the
Parasitic Platyhelminthes

Peter D. Olson and Vasyl V. Tkach

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
2.
Molecular Systematics of the Cestoda
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
3.
Molecular Systematics of the Digenea
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
4.
Molecular Systematics of the Monogenea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194
5.
Beyond Systematics: Molecular Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
6.
Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
209
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215

Wolbachia Bacterial Endosymbionts of Filarial
Nematodes

Mark J. Taylor, Claudio Bandi and Achim Hoerauf

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
1.
The Cellular Environment of Wolbachia in Nematodes . . . . . . .
246
2.
Taxonomy and Diversity of the Genus Wolbachia . . . . . . . . . .
249
3.
Evidence for Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
258
4.
Wolbachia Mediated Activation of Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . .
268
5.
Future Advances/Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
273
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
274

CONTENTS
x

The Biology of Avian Eimeria with an Emphasis on their
Control by Vaccination

Martin W. Shirley, Adrian L. Smith and Fiona M. Tomley

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
286
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
287
2.
Immunity to Eimeria spp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
292
3.
Vaccine Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
297
4.
Prospects for the Development of Novel Vaccines . . . . . . . . . .
311
5.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
316
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
318

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
331
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353

CONTENTS
xi

Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid Metabolism
in Parasitic Protozoa

Tomoyoshi Nozaki1,2,3, Vahab Ali1,2 and Masaharu Tokoro4

1Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of
Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
2Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1
Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
3Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science
and Technology Agency, 2-20-5 Akebono-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-0012,
Japan
4Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa
University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2. Biological Importance of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids and their
Metabolic Pathways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
2.1. General Features and Functions of Sulfur. . . . . . . . . . .
6
2.2. Functions of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids . . . . . . . . .
6
2.3. Significance of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in Parasitic
Protozoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Metabolism of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1. An Overview of Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino
Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2. Methionine Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3. Transsulfuration Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4. Sulfur Assimilatory De Novo Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway . . 36
4.1. A General Scheme of the Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway. 36
4.2. Presence of the Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway in a Lim-
ited Range of Parasitic Protozoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3. Possible Functions of the Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway in
Entamoeba and Trypanosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5. Degradative Pathways of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids. . . . . 45
5.1. Degradation of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in Mammals 45

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