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Advances in Parasitology [Vol 42] - J. Baker, et al., (AP, 1999) WW PDF

441 Pages·1999·24.08 MB·English
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Advances in PARASITOLOGY VOLUME 42 Editorial Board C. Bryant Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia M. Coluzzi Director, Istituto di Parassitologia, Universita Degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma, Italy C. Combes Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, UniversitC de Perpignan, Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Mediterraneenne, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France S.L. James Chief, Parasitology and Tropical Diseases Branch, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-7630, USA W.H.R. Lumsden 16A Merchiston Crescent, Edinburgh EHlO 5AX, UK Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK K. Tanabe Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-Ku, Osaka 535, Japan P. Wenk Falkenweg 69, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany Advances in PARASITOLOGY Edited by J.R. BAKER Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, England R. MULLER International Institute of Parasitology, St Albans, England and D. ROLLINSON The Natural History Museum, London, England VOLUME 42 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright 0 1999, by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher ISBN 0-12-031742-7 ACADEMIC PRESS 2628 Oval Road LONDON NW17DX http:llwww.hbuk.co.uklapl ACADEMIC PRESS 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 921014495, USA http:llwww.apnet.com A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall 99 00 01 02 03 04 MP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 T. AGATSUMA, Department of Bioresource Chemistry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro City, Hokkaido 080, Japan J.B. ALARCON, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia M. ALBONICO, Scientific Committee, Ivo de Carneri Foundation, Torino, Italy J. ANDREASSEN, Department of Population Biology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2 100, Copenhagen, Denmark E.M. BENNET-JENKINS, Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia D. BLAIR, Department of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 48 1 1, Australia C. BRYANT, Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia E.P. CAMARGO, Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Cihcias Bio- mkdicas, Universidade de SLo Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-900, SLo Paulo, SP, Brazil D.W.T. CROMPTON, WHO Collaborating Centre for Soil-transmitted Hel- minthiases, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK J.C.P. DIAS, Centro de Pesquisas Rent Rachou, CP 1743, Belo Horizonte MG 30 190-002, Brazil D.P. MCMANUS, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for Inter- national and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia L. SAVIOLI, Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Parasites Unit, Division of Con- trol of Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, CH- 12 1 1 Geneva 27, Switzerland C.J. SCHOFIELD, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS G.W. WAINE, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for Inter- national and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia Z.-B. Xu, Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, 94# Yong An Road, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China This volume starts with a summary by Chris Schofield (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) and Jog0 Carlos Pintas Dias (Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) of current progress in what must be one of the largest-scale disease control programmes ever ~ the Southern Cone Project to control if not eliminate transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans in the southern part of South America. Covering over 6 X lo9 km2, the project was initiated in 1991 as a 10-year collaborative scheme between the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization and the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The emphasis of the project has been on the elimination of the major vector of T cruzi, Triatoma infestans, and mass screening of blood donors. This example of disease control on the grand scale is now roughly at its midpoint and, as the authors point out, considerable progress has already been made. Well over 2 million houses have been sprayed with insecticide at a cost of about U S 7 5 each, with massive reductions of the prevalence of domiciliary T infestans (in many areas to zero). The authors stress that, in addition to the considerable financial benefits resulting from the programme in terms of the saving in medical and hospital expenditure and increased labour productivity, the benefit to the local population is very considerable and much appreciated. Hopefully, to this will be added, in the future, benefits resulting from the reduction in morbidity due to Chagas disease. Erney Camargo (University of Siio Paulo, Brazil) then reviews the rela- tively little-known trypanosomatids that parasitize plants, Phytomonas species. Although these most commonly infect plants of the family Euphor- biaceae, many other plants are also infected, including the economically important coconut palms, coffee bushes, cassava, maize and tomatoes. Although, as Camargo points out, Koch’s postulates have never been fulfilled, there is considerable evidence of pathogenicity in coconut palms, coffee and cassava. This review covers virtually all aspects of the biology of these interesting organisms, including morphology, distribution within the host (in latex, phloem, fruits or flowers), nutrition, biochemistry, molecular biology, taxonomy, phylogeny, pathogenesis, transmission, reservoir hosts, diagnosis and treatment. The history of their discovery in 1909 by the viii PREFACE laboratory technician Mr David, after whom the first species was named, is also described. In the next chapter David Blair (James Cook University, Townsville, Australia), Zhi-Biao Xu (Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, China) and Takeshi Agatsuma (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan) discuss the many new species from various parts of the world of, and new findings on, the lung flukes, Paragonimus, since the reviews by Yokogawa in Advances in Parasitology in 1960 and 1965. There have been over 1400 papers published since then and the literature is very scattered, while some is inaccessible. This comprehen- sive and thorough review considers much new literature from China and Japan and reviews in Chinese and Russian. The authors estimate that about 20 million people are infected world-wide, about double the estimate 20 years ago. It is likely that many of the new animal species described are possible human parasites. The rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, is found in almost every parasitology teaching laboratory because it is simple to maintain and has a short and simple life cycle. Jerrn Andreassen (University of Copenhagen) and Eva Bennet-Jenkins and Chris Bryant (Australian National University, Canberra) report on the wealth of new research on its immunology and biochemistry that has been carried out over the last few years. The rat and the parasite co-evolve and the tapeworm needs to survive in a host that has a complex adaptive immune system. Hymenolepis diminuta used to be regarded as a non-immunogenic commensal and not so very interesting from an immunological viewpoint, but actually there is a highly complex equilibrium between host and parasite; the tapeworm also has a metabo- lism similar to, but subtly different from, that of its host. The penultimate chapter in this volume is an important contribution dealing with control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. The three authors, Marco Albonico (Ivo de Carneri Foundation, Italy), David Crompton (University of Glasgow, UK) and Lorenzo Savioli (World Health Organization, Switzerland), have considerable experience in this area and have produced an authoritative overview of the current situation as well as highlighting advances that have been made in the past few years. Nematode control is a public health problem of enormous magnitude, with current estimates suggesting that at least one-quarter of the world’s popu- lation may be chronically infected with intestinal helminths. The article deals with the main issues concerning strategies for control, stressing that there is a difference between infection and disease. Periodic anthelmintic chemotherapy remains the key intervention method and the major drugs are considered in detail, together with the need to monitor changes that might occur in nematode populations. The authors stress the importance of health education, sanitation and the possibility of adopting an integrated PREFACE ix approach for the control of filariasis, intestinal helminths and schistoso- miasis. Consideration is given to planning intestinal helminth control programmes and a useful section provides an insight into experience gained in Zanzibar, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Mexico. The authors conclude that the challenge for the future will be to develop sustainable approaches to control intestinal helminth infections in line with the demo- graphic changes taking place in developing countries. In recent years considerable attention has been given to the introduction and use of DNA vaccines and remarkable progress has been made. No effective vaccine is available for the important parasites of humans and it is hoped that nucleic acids may provide an approach to the development of novel vaccines. We are extremely fortunate to have the final chapter in this volume by Jason Alarcon, Gary Waine and Don McManus from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research who present an up to the minute account of the technology behind the introduction of DNA vaccines and their possible application against parasites and microbial agents. The chapter is comprehensive, dealing with methods of delivery, the immune responses generated and the use of DNA vaccines against infectious and parasitic diseases. This is an authoritative account and provides an extre- mely useful synthesis of this area of research and development. Rapid progress has been made and it now remains to be seen whether these exciting ideas and promising results can be translated into commercially viable vaccines. John Baker Ralph Muller David Rollinson

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