Advances in Parasitology [Vol 42] - J. Baker, et al., (AP, 1999) WW

441 Pages·1999·24.08 MB·English

Advances in
PARASITOLOGY

VOLUME 42

Editorial Board

C. Bryant Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian
National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

M. Coluzzi Director, Istituto di Parassitologia, Universita Degli Studi di
Roma ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma, Italy

C. Combes Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, UniversitC de Perpignan,
Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Mediterraneenne, Avenue
de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France

S.L. James Chief, Parasitology and Tropical Diseases Branch, Division of
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-7630, USA

W.H.R. Lumsden 16A Merchiston Crescent, Edinburgh EHlO 5AX, UK

Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior Department of Clinical Veterinary
Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3
OES, UK

K. Tanabe Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1
Ohmiya, Asahi-Ku, Osaka 535, Japan

P. Wenk Falkenweg 69, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany

Advances in
PARASITOLOGY

Edited by

J.R. BAKER

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
London, England

R. MULLER

International Institute of Parasitology,
St Albans, England

and

D. ROLLINSON

The Natural History Museum,
London, England

VOLUME 42

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1

T. AGATSUMA,
Department of Bioresource Chemistry, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro City, Hokkaido
080, Japan
J.B. ALARCON, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for
International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute
of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston,
Queensland 4029, Australia
M. ALBONICO,
Scientific Committee, Ivo de Carneri Foundation, Torino,
Italy
J. ANDREASSEN,
Department of Population Biology, Universitetsparken 15,
DK-2 100, Copenhagen, Denmark
E.M. BENNET-JENKINS,
Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Faculty of
Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
D. BLAIR, Department of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, James Cook
University, Townsville, Queensland 48 1 1, Australia
C. BRYANT,
Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Faculty of Science,
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
E.P. CAMARGO,
Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Cihcias Bio-
mkdicas, Universidade de SLo Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade
Universitaria, 05508-900, SLo Paulo, SP, Brazil
D.W.T. CROMPTON,
WHO Collaborating Centre for Soil-transmitted Hel-
minthiases, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
J.C.P. DIAS, Centro de Pesquisas Rent Rachou, CP 1743, Belo Horizonte
MG 30 190-002, Brazil
D.P. MCMANUS,
Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for Inter-
national and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of
Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston, Queensland
4029, Australia
L. SAVIOLI,
Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Parasites Unit, Division of Con-
trol of Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, CH- 12 1 1 Geneva
27, Switzerland
C.J. SCHOFIELD,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
WC1E 7HT, UK

vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

G.W. WAINE, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for Inter-
national and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of
Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, PO RBH, Herston, Queensland
4029, Australia
Z.-B. Xu, Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship
Hospital, 94# Yong An Road, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of
China

This volume starts with a summary by Chris Schofield (London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) and Jog0 Carlos Pintas Dias (Centro
de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) of current progress in
what must be one of the largest-scale disease control programmes ever
~
the Southern Cone Project to control if not eliminate transmission of
Trypanosoma cruzi to humans in the southern part of South America.
Covering over 6 X lo9 km2, the project was initiated in 1991 as a 10-year
collaborative scheme between the World Health Organization, the Pan
American Health Organization and the governments of Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The emphasis of the project has been
on the elimination of the major vector of T cruzi, Triatoma infestans, and
mass screening of blood donors. This example of disease control on the
grand scale is now roughly at its midpoint and, as the authors point out,
considerable progress has already been made. Well over 2 million houses
have been sprayed with insecticide at a cost of about U S 7 5 each, with
massive reductions of the prevalence of domiciliary T infestans (in many
areas to zero). The authors stress that, in addition to the considerable
financial benefits resulting from the programme in terms of the saving in
medical and hospital expenditure and increased labour productivity, the
benefit to the local population is very considerable and much appreciated.
Hopefully, to this will be added, in the future, benefits resulting from the
reduction in morbidity due to Chagas disease.
Erney Camargo (University of Siio Paulo, Brazil) then reviews the rela-
tively little-known trypanosomatids that parasitize plants, Phytomonas
species. Although these most commonly infect plants of the family Euphor-
biaceae, many other plants are also infected, including the economically
important coconut palms, coffee bushes, cassava, maize and tomatoes.
Although, as Camargo points out, Koch’s postulates have never been
fulfilled, there is considerable evidence of pathogenicity in coconut palms,
coffee and cassava. This review covers virtually all aspects of the biology of
these interesting organisms, including morphology, distribution within the
host (in latex, phloem, fruits or flowers), nutrition, biochemistry, molecular
biology, taxonomy, phylogeny, pathogenesis, transmission, reservoir hosts,
diagnosis and treatment. The history of their discovery in 1909 by the

viii
PREFACE

laboratory technician Mr David, after whom the first species was named, is
also described.
In the next chapter David Blair (James Cook University, Townsville,
Australia), Zhi-Biao Xu (Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute,
China) and Takeshi Agatsuma (Obihiro University of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan) discuss the many new species
from various parts of the world of, and new findings on, the lung flukes,
Paragonimus, since the reviews by Yokogawa in Advances in Parasitology in
1960 and 1965. There have been over 1400 papers published since then and
the literature is very scattered, while some is inaccessible. This comprehen-
sive and thorough review considers much new literature from China and
Japan and reviews in Chinese and Russian. The authors estimate that about
20 million people are infected world-wide, about double the estimate 20
years ago. It is likely that many of the new animal species described are
possible human parasites.
The rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, is found in almost every
parasitology teaching laboratory because it is simple to maintain and has
a short and simple life cycle. Jerrn Andreassen (University of Copenhagen)
and Eva Bennet-Jenkins and Chris Bryant (Australian National University,
Canberra) report on the wealth of new research on its immunology and
biochemistry that has been carried out over the last few years. The rat and
the parasite co-evolve and the tapeworm needs to survive in a host that has
a complex adaptive immune system. Hymenolepis diminuta used to be
regarded as a non-immunogenic commensal and not so very interesting
from an immunological viewpoint, but actually there is a highly complex
equilibrium between host and parasite; the tapeworm also has a metabo-
lism similar to, but subtly different from, that of its host.
The penultimate chapter in this volume is an important contribution
dealing with control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections.
The three authors, Marco Albonico (Ivo de Carneri Foundation, Italy),
David Crompton (University of Glasgow, UK) and Lorenzo Savioli (World
Health Organization, Switzerland), have considerable experience in this
area and have produced an authoritative overview of the current situation
as well as highlighting advances that have been made in the past few years.
Nematode control is a public health problem of enormous magnitude, with
current estimates suggesting that at least one-quarter of the world’s popu-
lation may be chronically infected with intestinal helminths. The article
deals with the main issues concerning strategies for control, stressing that
there is a difference between infection and disease. Periodic anthelmintic
chemotherapy remains the key intervention method and the major drugs
are considered in detail, together with the need to monitor changes that
might occur in nematode populations. The authors stress the importance of
health education, sanitation and the possibility of adopting an integrated

PREFACE
ix

approach for the control of filariasis, intestinal helminths and schistoso-
miasis. Consideration is given to planning intestinal helminth control
programmes and a useful section provides an insight into experience gained
in Zanzibar, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Mexico. The authors
conclude that the challenge for the future will be to develop sustainable
approaches to control intestinal helminth infections in line with the demo-
graphic changes taking place in developing countries.
In recent years considerable attention has been given to the introduction
and use of DNA vaccines and remarkable progress has been made. No
effective vaccine is available for the important parasites of humans and it is
hoped that nucleic acids may provide an approach to the development of
novel vaccines. We are extremely fortunate to have the final chapter in this
volume by Jason Alarcon, Gary Waine and Don McManus from the
Queensland Institute of Medical Research who present an up to the minute
account of the technology behind the introduction of DNA vaccines and
their possible application against parasites and microbial agents. The
chapter is comprehensive, dealing with methods of delivery, the immune
responses generated and the use of DNA vaccines against infectious and
parasitic diseases. This is an authoritative account and provides an extre-
mely useful synthesis of this area of research and development. Rapid
progress has been made and it now remains to be seen whether these
exciting ideas and promising results can be translated into commercially
viable vaccines.
John Baker
Ralph Muller
David Rollinson