Advances in Object-Oriented Graphics I PDF
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EurographicSeminars Tutorials and Perspectives in Computer Graphics Edited by W. T. Hewitt, R. Gnatz, and D. A. Duce Frontispiece: An image produced with a Dore dynamic renderer. Dore, the design of which is presented in Chapter 10, is an object-oriented graphics system. The portability and extensI bility essential in graphical systems, where the hardware is developing very rapidly, was pro vided by the underlying object-oriented design of the system. For example, the dynamic renderer used runs on a new graphics supercomputer system and the picture was produced in a few seconds. The image is stillframe from an interactive sequence featuring real-time texture mapping, true transparency, environment mapping, shadows and in-scene light sources (spotlights and point light sources). Previously, a picture containing these effects could only have been produced using one of Dore's production renderers. Now. however, these effects are available in interactive time, through exactly the same interface as before. Created using Dore on a Stardent 3000VS computer. Image by Daniel R. McLachlan with contributions from Helga Thorvaldsd6ttir and Michael A. Toelle. The resolution of the image is 1280x1024. For antialiasing, images are computed at 2x2 subpixel resolution. and filtered using a 3x3 filter kernel. Each update takes 137 seconds. Without the antialiasing the image takes 14 seconds. At a resolution of 640x512 it takes 72 seconds with the antialiasing and 7 seconds without. Copyright 1990 Kubota Pacific Computer. E. H. Blake P. Wisskirchen (Eds.) Advances in Object-Oriented Graphics I With 74 Figures, Including 7 in Color Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest EurographicSeminars Edited by W. T. Hewitt, R. Gnatz, and D. A. Duce for EUROGRAPHICS - The European Association for Computer Graphics P.O. Box 16, CH-1288 Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland Volume Editors Edwin H. Blake Centrum yoor Wiskunde en Informatica P. O. Box 4079, NL-l009 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Peter Wisskirchen Institute for Applied Information Technology, National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Postfach 1240 W-S20S Sankt Augustin 1, FRG Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Advances in object-oriented graphics II E. H. Blake, P. Wisskirchen (eds.). p. cm. - (EurographicSeminars) Papers presented at the First Eurographics Workshop on Object-Oriented Graphics, held Oct. 1990 in Konigswinter, Germany, and sponsored by the German National Research Center for Computer Science et al. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76305-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76303-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76303-8 1. Computer graphics -Congresses. 2. Object oriented programming (Computer science) -Congresses. I. Blake, E.H. (Edwin H.), 1952-. II. Wisskirchen, P. (Peter) III. Gesellschaft fUr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung. IV. Euro graphics Workshop on Object-Oriented Graphics (lst: 1990: Konigswinter, Germany) V. Title: Advances in object-oriented graphics one. VI. Title: Advances in object-oriented graphics 1. VII. Series: Eurographic seminars. T385.A37 1991 006.6-dc20 90-26971 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © 1991 EUROGRAPHICS The European Association for Computer Graphics Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 The use of general descriptive names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. 45/3140-543210 -Printed on acid-free paper Preface This book contains extensively revised versions of some of the papers presented at the first EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Object-Oriented Graphics. This workshop took place during June 1990, in Konigswinter, near Bonn in the Federal Republic of Ger many. It was held in an atmosphere of lively discussion and the results of these discus sions were incorporated into the various chapters of this book. The aim of the workshop was to investigate the applicability of object-oriented methods to computer graphics-computer graphics in a very broad sense, including human com puter interaction, image synthesis, dynamic graphics and computer-aided design. Another aim of the workshop was to develop a constructive critique of the object oriented methods themselves from the point of view of computer graphics. These aims were realized not only in the papers, but also in the discussions. In fact a number of research areas were uncovered by the participants and we hope to see results in the near future. The diversity of contributions did not lend themselves to easy classification, but in the end we decided to split the book into three parts. These three parts reflect the main areas in which object-oriented methods were applied. The first part of this book deals with Interaction Theory and Practice. It is a characteris tic of object-oriented user interfaces that they are Direct Manipulation interfaces. This fact is illustrated not only by the contents of this first part of the book, but also by the chapters in other parts. The first contribution is on an extension of the Smalltalk Model View-Controller framework. The influence of Smalltalk is of course pervasive in object oriented computer graphics. The next contribution introduces the topic of constraints in the context of a mathematical modelling system. The use of constraints is an important recurring theme in object-oriented graphics. Many discussions centred around this topic during the workshop. It is clear that the integration of constraints into object-oriented user interfaces and graphics systems remains an important research area. The next chapter deals with user interfaces for object-oriented databases. The one following is a presentation of a complete object-oriented model for interaction. This model leads to a much higher-level interface for programmers developing user interfaces. The last chapter also presents a programmer's tool for developing user interfaces. It concen trates particularly on the demands placed by multi-user interfaces and the object oriented solutions to them. Once again constraints playa major role. VI The second part is on Modelling and Design. One important issue here is how one deals with complex objects which are built up out of components. Such objects arise in any situation where the geometrical properties of physical objects are important, but of course this is not the only source of such complex structures. At issue is both the crea tion and persistence of these kinds of objects without violating object-oriented princi ples that have proved their worth in other contexts. Persistent objects is the term used for objects which are stored beyond the lifetime of the process which created them. Here we find a contribution on persistent graphical objects followed by one on generat ing different views of complex objects on-the-fly - this is an important problem in CAD systems. Geometric problems are combined with constraints in the next chapter, whose point of departure is the importance of coordinate systems and coordinate transforma tions. The last chapter in this part of the book presents a complete environment for the design of three-dimensional objects. It actually spans all three parts of the book since it deals with direct manipulation user interfaces, design and modelling issues, and looks ahead to the graphics systems issues of the last part. The third and last part of this book addresses GraphiCS Systems. The first chapter deals with the design of the influential Dore application interface. It presents a synthesis of many of the design principles of object-oriented graphiCS in one practical system. The second chapter aims to introduce the benefits of these object-oriented principles to the wider graphics community via the development of a new graphics standard. The advan tages of object oriented methods are reviewed and the expected difficulties analysed. The workshop was made possible by the efforts of the authors who prepared and revised the papers which established the scientific content of the workshop and of this book. The editors gratefully thank the members of the Programme Committee for the efforts they invested in the preparation of the workshop. Their reviews of the papers contributed to the overall scientific standard of the workshop. The success of the workshop also depended on the organizational support of the Ger man National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Mrs. C. Harms for the local organization of the workshop, and the Dutch Centre for Mathematics and Computer Sci ence (CWI), and in particular Ms. Marja Hegt. Financial and promotional support was provided by Eurographics, the German Society for Informatics (GI4.1.1 Special Interest Group for Graphics Systems, GI 4.1.5 German Chapter of Eurographics). We also thank the CWI for the use of their typesetting facilities. Amsterdam, September 1990 Edwin Blake Peter Wisskirchen First Eurographics Workshop on Object-Oriented Graphics Co-Chairmen Dr. P. Wisskirchen, German National Research Center for Computer Science. Dr. E.H. Blake, Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Netherlands. Programme Conunittee Alan Borning Rank Xerox EuroPARC, u.K. Jan van den Bos University of Leiden, Netherlands. Michael R. Kaplan Apple Computer Inc., USA. Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University, USA. Xavier Pintado Universite de Geneve, Switzerland. Mel Slater University of London, U.K. Tapio Takala Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. Tetsuo Tomiyama The University of Tokyo, Japan. Table of Contents Part I. Interaction Theory and Practice ........ ................. .......................... ........ 1 1. An Object-Oriented Framework for Direct-Manipulation User Interfaces ........... 3 Y-P. Shan 2. Snap Together Mathematics ............................................................................. 21 M. Gleicher and A. Witkin 3. Building User Interfaces with the LOOKS Hyper-Object System ........................ 35 D. Plateau, P. Borras, D. Lffveque, I-C. Mamou, and D. Tallot 4. A Layered Object-Oriented Model for Interaction 47 C. Laffra andI van den Bas 5. A 2-D Graphics System for Multi-User Interactive Graphics Based on Objects and Constraints .. ............ ........... ...... ......... .......... .............. ........... ........ 67 R.D. Hill Part II. Modelling and Design .... ............ ......... .... ........... .......... ...................... ... 93 6. Persistent Graphical Objects ......................... ................................................... 95 C. Laffra and P. van Oosterom 7. Retrospective Creation of Virtual Alternative Hierarchies 117 I Rogier and D. Otten 8. Coordinate Frames and Geometric Approximation in Graphics Object- Oriented Programming .................................................................................... 131 I Rankin andI Bums 9. A Direct Manipulation Environment for Conceptual Design of Three- Dimensional Objects ....... ........... ....... ........... ......... ..... ................ ......... ............. 149 Mj.G.M. van Emmerik x Part ill. Graphics Systems ................................................................................. 175 10. The Design of the Dore Graphics System ......................................................... 177 M. Kaplan 11. The New Graphics Standard - Object-Oriented! 199 P. Wisskirchen and K. Kansy Authors' Addresses ............................................................................................... 217 Part I Interaction Theory and Practice
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