Table Of Content

N A anoparticles and nano-sized materials created by nanotechnology d (NT) have been considered unique and sole solution to overcome the v limitations of other technologies and widen their applications. Although a n these materials have been widely used in environmental technology (ET), c most of environmental applications of nanoparticles were limited to the e fabrication of nano-sensors for the detection of volatile organic s compounds (VOC) and as nano-sized catalysts for air purification systems. i n So, the use of nanoparticles for the direct removal of pollutants from N contaminated soil and wastewater has been seldom reported. However, a environmental processes for soil remediation, wastewater treatment, n and air purification strongly need innovative new materials to o t highly improve their performance and efficiency. The demand e for materials created by NT in ET is, therefore, stronger than ever. c h n This book presents the possible applications of nano-sized materials in o all environmental processes, providing the most reliable guideline so l o far for the selection of nanomaterials to improve the efficiency g of environmental processes. It focuses on designing specific y nanomaterials for environmental processes and pollutants. It presents a the impact and influence of nanomaterials on the environment and discusses n d how to avoid causing secondary contamination by the use of nanomaterials. t The book provides proper information about nanomaterials for potential h e users who will use and apply nanomaterials in ET. E n v Juyoung Kim completed his PhD on the synthesis of i r amphiphilic polymeric networks and their applications in o 1996 under the supervision of Prof. Kyungdo Suh at Hanyang n m University, South Korea. He undertook a postdoctoral fellowship with Prof. Claude Cohen at Cornell University e Advances from 1996 to 1998. He then began an academic career as n t Assistant Professor of Advanced Materials Department at Samcheok National University, South Korea, and was promoted in 2010 to Full Professor with tenure. He has Nanotechnology in published 70 peer-reviewed journal publications and 7 patents. Currently, his research focuses on the synthesis J u of core-crosslinked amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles y using various amphiphilic reactive oligomers and o Environment u and the bridged organosilica precursor containing amphiphilic n g polymer chains and their applications for target drug K delivery, in vivo oxygen-sensing nanoparticles, and im antimicrobial nanocarriers. Edited by Juyoung Kim V031 ISBN-978-981-4241-55-7 90000 9789814241557 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20111012 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-9-81426-760-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Amphiphilic Organic Nanoparticles as Nano- Juyoung Kim Absorbent for Pollutants 1 Chapter 2 Use of Amphiphilic Cross-Linked Polymer Nanoparticles Containing Anionic Hydrophilic Segments for Enhanced Desorption of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) From Juyoung Kim Aquifer Soil 17 Chapter 3 Use of Amphiphilic Nonionic Polymer Nanoparticles for Removal of Hydrophobic Juyoung Kim Pollutants from Soil 45 Chapter 4 Adsorption and Concentration of Organic Contaminants by Carbon Nanotubes from Hongyun Niu and Yaqi Cai Environmental Samples 79 Chapter 5 Efficient Removal of Organic Pollutants and Metal Jin Kie Shim Ions Using Amphiphilic Polymer Nanoparticle 137 Chang Hyun Lee Chapter 6 Nanoparticles for Fuel Cell Applications 159 Chapter 7 The Occurrence, Behavior, and Effects of Bernd Nowack Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment 183 Index 219 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Preface Compared with conventional technologies and sciences, the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology dealing with the synthesis and characterization of nanostructure materials has been quite rapid and intensive, while also unprecedented. Now the technologies based on nanoscience and nanotechnology are exerting a profound and strong impact on every field of conventional technology and science. Science and technology in the 21st century are evolving in four major directions: environmental technology, information technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. Technologies created and advanced by these four disciplines have continuously had an impact on daily life. Drug delivery systems, vaccines, animal cloning, genetically modified organisms, fuel cells, solar cells, electroluminescence devices, flexible displays, wireless telecommunications, World Wide Web, and so on, were created and brought to us by these technologies. There is no doubt that because of these four pillars of technology, humankind will experience an unprecedented technology-based life. The role of nanotechnology in advanced modern technologies is to provide materials as breakthrough and to materialize technology, and these materials have been considered the unique and sole solution to the limitations of other technologies and a means of widening their applications. Therefore, nanoparticles and nano-sized materials—such as nano-imprinting materials, nano-lithography materials, nano-sized sensors, as well as nano- sized detectors for biomolecules in DNA assay, immunoassay, and cell bio-imaging—have been widely used in biotechnology and information technology. However, little has been reported about the application of nanoparticles in environmental technology and about their influence on the environment. Most of the environmental applications of nanoparticles have been limited to the fabrication of nano-sensors for VOC detection and nano-sized catalysts for air purification systems. The use of nanoparticles for the direct removal of pollutants from the contaminated soil and wastewater has been viii Preface seldom reported. Environmental processes for soil remediation, wastewater treatment, and air purification strongly need innovative new materials to improve their performance and efficiency. Hence, the demand for materials created by nanotechnology in environmental technology is ever stronger than before. This book presents the possible applications of nano-sized materials in environmental processes. It is by far the most reliable guideline for the selection of nanomaterials to improve the efficiency of environmental processes and for designing nanomaterials for specific environmental processes and pollutants. The impact of nanomaterials on the environment has also been discussed in the book to help avoid causing secondary contamination by use of nanomaterials and to provide proper information about nanomaterials to potential users who wish to use and apply them in environmental technology. Chapter 1 AmphiphiliC OrgAniC NaNoparticles as NaNo- AbsOrbents fOr pOllutAnts Juyoung Kim Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Kangwon 245-711, South Korea [email protected] Environmental engineers have invented very large numbers of processes and devices for removal of pollutants from various water phases and soils. Recently, material engineers and environmental engineers have begun fusing their technologies to improve efficiency of environmental process. Material engineers found new applications of their materials, at the same time environmental engineers could enhance performance of their processes by just adding materials without big modification in the process (technically no modification). Users and engineers keep trying to find magical materials that can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of their environmental engineering process by just adding small amount of magical materials. That is, antifouling agent, coagulants (aluminum sulphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, polyelectrolyte), sedimentation, activated carbon, surfactants, microorganism, etc., have been used for enhancing efficiency of environmental process, which is running in real field [1–3]. Advances in Nanotechnology and the Environment Edited by Juyoung Kim Copyright © 2012 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. www.panstanford.com