Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology PDF
Preview Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology
CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences 574 Courses and Lectures Marta Boaro Antonino Salvatore Aricò E ditors Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology International Centre for Mechanical Sciences CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences Courses and Lectures Volume 574 Series editors The Rectors Friedrich Pfeiffer, Munich, Germany Franz G. Rammerstorfer, Vienna, Austria Elisabeth Guazzelli, Marseille, France The Secretary General Bernhard Schrefler, Padua, Italy Executive Editor Paolo Serafini, Udine, Italy Theseriespresentslecturenotes,monographs,editedworksandproceedingsinthe field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific and technical community results obtained in some of the activities organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/76 ò Marta Boaro Antonino Salvatore Aric (cid:129) Editors Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology 123 Editors Marta Boaro AntoninoSalvatore Aricò Department Polytechnic of Engineeringand Institute for Advances Energy Technologies Architecture (ITAE) University of Udine National Research Council (CNR) Udine Messina Italy Italy ISSN 0254-1971 ISSN 2309-3706 (electronic) CISMInternational Centre for MechanicalSciences ISBN978-3-319-46145-8 ISBN978-3-319-46146-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46146-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016952903 ©CISMInternationalCentreforMechanicalSciences2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Modern societies are starving of energy to support their activities and growth. Today, the energy consumption of a country represents a reliable measure of its wealth and of its industrial development. The most industrialized countries consume about 20 MWh per capita per year while the world average energy con- sumptionisonlyof2.4MWh/year.Today,81%ofenergyproductioncomesfrom theexploitationandtransformationoffossilfuels.Theseevidencessuggestthatwe need to rethink both the way how energy is produced and its conversion into electricitywiththeaimtoachieveasustainableandbalanceddevelopmentforevery nation. Valorization of renewable resources and distributed energy generation are veryappropriatestrategiestostrikeabalancebetweenthegrowingenergydemand and the need to reduce the environmental impact on human activities. This requires the development of green technologies for the production of energy and for a rational and more efficient use of resources. Fuel cells, which convert chemical energy directly to electricity, offer higher efficiencies and significantly lower emissions than conventional technologies. The modular con- figuration offuel cells makes these devices suitable for a wide range of potential applications, including combined heat and power (CHP) production, distributed power generation and transport, which reduces reliance on imports of primary energy carriers and encourages local productivity. Ina transitional phasefrom aneconomy based on thepredominantuse offossil fuels to one capable of efficiently exploiting renewable sources, medium/high temperature fuel cellsbased on ceramicoxides (solid oxide fuel cells, SOFCs) can playafundamentalroleinacceleratingthetransformation.Thankstotheirabilityof using hydrocarbon-based fuels, the increased durability, and higher tolerance to contaminants, these type of cells could be immediately implemented in the estab- lished grid infrastructure and therefore have a rapid market penetration on a large scale. Consideringthispotential,inrecentdecades,boththepublicandprivatesectors haveinvestedresourcestobringSOFCstothecommercialandresidentialmarkets, albeit with limited success. Progress in price reduction and performance increase has remained incremental, and a real launch of the technology has long resided v vi Preface “just around the corner.” Insufficient longevity, reliability, and especially prohibitive costs are the main issues to be addressed. The challenge of making fuel cells reliable, lasting, and efficient stemmed from the complexity of how they work, which needs to be truly understood, requires an interdisciplinary approach integrating scientific and technical knowledge. Several examples suggest that this type of methodology could achieve ground-breaking discoveries that would ultimately lead to viable commercial products. For this purpose, the education of a class of scientists and engineers aware of how the technology is progressing and able to tackle the current challenges is crucial. In view of such request, this book gathers and updates a series of lectures given at the “Advances in Medium and High temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology” international school organized by the editors in cooperation with the InternationalCentreforMechanicalSciences(CISM)inJuly2014inUdine(Italy). The book presents an overview of the recent advances in the field of SOFC tech- nology and is intended as an introduction to the challenging issues that need to be addressed. The chapters are written by internationally renowned scientists currently working at the leading edge of fuel cell research and development, and cover severalthemessuchasthefundamentalsoffuelcellthermodynamics,materialsand componentsproperties,electrodicprocesses,andthemodelingprinciplesforSOFC systems. In chapter “Introduction to Fuel Cell Basics,” fundamental electrochemistry of medium-andhigh-temperaturefuelcells(solidoxidefuelcell,SOFCs)isexplained with emphasis addressed to different aspects of high-temperature solid-state elec- trochemistry compared to low-temperature electrochemistry. Chapter“TestingofElectrodes,CellsandShortStacks”illustrateshowtoobtain reliable,accurateandreproducibleelectrochemicalmeasurementsthroughaproper selection of cell geometries and set-up. Principles, benefits, and drawbacks of different characterization techniques are discussed. Moreover, the concept of area-specificresistance(ASR)andhowdirectandalternatecurrentmethodscanbe optimized to provide not only the total ASR but also an electrochemical charac- terization of specific components (electrolyte and electrodes) of a fuel cell are described. The authors conclude by introducing the readers to some of the approaches used to study the effects of impurities on cell performance and to the problem of gas leakage in high-temperature fuel cells. Chapters“Proton-ConductingElectrolytesforSolidOxideFuelCellApplication” and“InterconnectsforSolidOxideFuelCells”dealwithnewcategoriesofmaterials toachievethetargetofmakingSOFCsefficientlyoperativeattemperaturesaslowas 550–600 °C. To this end, proton-conducting oxides have attracted widespread interest as electrolyte materials, alternative to traditional oxygen ion conductors. Chapter “Proton-Conducting Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application” presentsanoverviewofmainadvancesinthefieldofsolidoxideproton-conducting materialsdescribingseveralclassesofmaterialssuchasperovskite-basedmaterials (e.g., doped BaCeO , BaZrO , BaCeO -BaZrO SrCeO , LaScO ) or fluorite- or 3 3 3 3 3 3 pyrochlore-based materials (e.g., doped Ba In O , CeO , LaNbO ). Composition, 2 2 5 2 4 Preface vii transport,thermalandstructuralpropertiesofthematerialshavebeencorrelatedwith theirconductivityandstabilitywiththeaimofindicatingthemostsuitablematerials for SOFC applications. Chapter “Interconnects for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells” deals withmaterialsandstrategiestopreparesuitableinterconnects.Authorsillustratethe two main categories of interconnects: ceramic and metallic-type, pointing out advantages and disadvantages of both. The recent strategy of coating metallic interconnectswithredoxactiveoxideisalsodiscussed. In chapter “Catalysts and Processes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,” physical and physicochemical properties of electrode materials are examined. It is pointed out thatoperationofanodeswithfuelsotherthanhydrogen(fossilandrenewablefuels) is commercially necessary and challenging because of carbon deposition. The complex properties required for SOFC anodes are described, and issues related to nickel anode degradation are specifically addressed. The ultimate approach of producing stable direct oxidation in the anode is compared to the classical fuel reformingprocesses(internalandexternaltotheanode),discussingadvantagesand disadvantages of the different methods. The final chapters of the book discuss the SOFC technology in terms of an integrated system whose efficiency depends on several other subsystems. In this light, modeling is a key tool to design and optimize such systems avoiding extensiveexperimentalinvestigations.Chapters“EnergySystemAnalysisofSOFC Systems,”“DOEMethodologiesforAnalysisofLargeSOFCSystems,”and“Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Modeling” describe the principle of mathematical modeling addressed to FC systems and processes optimization. The aim of Chapter “DOE Methodologies for Analysis of Large SOFC Systems” is to design experiment methodologies for analyzing large SOFC systems and the presentation of a case history using the CHP-100 kWe SOFC Field Unit (Siemens Power Generation-Stationary Fuel Cells) installed at TurboCare (Torino, Italy). Chapter “Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Modeling” provides an introduction to SOFC modeling usingamacroscopic,physicallybasedapproachforthedescriptionofthechemical and electrochemical processes occurring at the electrodes. We would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contribution to this book, safe in the knowledge that their work will provide graduate students, young researchers, and engineers with the scientific and technical know-hows to uncover the secrets of solid. Udine, Italy Marta Boaro Antonino Salvatore Aricò Contents Introduction to Fuel Cell Basics.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1 Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Testing of Electrodes, Cells, and Short Stacks .... .... .... ..... .... 31 Anne Hauch and Mogens B. Mogensen Proton-Conducting Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 77 Dmitry Medvedev, Angeliki Brouzgou, Anatoly Demin and Panagiotis Tsiakaras Interconnects for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 119 Angeliki Brouzgou, Anatoly Demin and Panagiotis Tsiakaras Catalysts and Processes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . .... .... ..... .... 155 Alfonsina Pappacena, Luca Bardini and Marta Boaro Energy System Analysis of SOFC Systems... .... .... .... ..... .... 223 Andrea Lanzini, Domenico Ferrero and Massimo Santarelli DOE Methodologies for Analysis of Large SOFC Systems .. ..... .... 265 DomenicoFerrero,AndreaLanzini,PierlugiLeoneandMassimoSantarelli Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Modeling ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 291 Domenico Ferrero, Andrea Lanzini and Massimo Santarelli ix Introduction to Fuel Cell Basics Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Abstract Basic principles of catalysis, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics are very similar across the different types offuel cells. Nevertheless, the small differ- encesbringdecisivevariationsinperformance,function,limitingfactors,sensitivity to impurity poisoning, and finally applications. This chapter explains the basic function of fuel cells, concentrating on the ceramic solid oxide fuel cell. Understanding the scientific basis of fuel cell operation helps in designing and optimising fuel cells, fuel cell stacks, and fuel cell systems. 1 World Energy Needs In2014,theaverageworldenergyusepercapitawas1.8tonsofoilequivalent(toe, 1.8 toe/a*cap approx. being 25.2 MWh/a*cap) (BP 2015). This encompasses all primary energy use of the world economies divided by world population and includes residential (personal) energy use as well as transport, industry, military, commercial, administrative, infrastructure, and finally non-energetic use of oil and natural gas for chemical products. Althoughthisnumbermayseemmoderate,theregionaldistributiongivesriseto concerns. Whilst Bangladesh forms bottom of the list with 0.2 toe/a*cap (2.8 MWh/a*cap, less than the average European household electricity bill), the USA is the first runner with 7.3 toe/a*cap (102.2 MWh/a*cap), followed by a number of other industrialised countries, including Japan and the EU with 3.7 and 3.3 toe/a*cap, respectively (51.8 and 46.2 MWh/a*cap). Table 1 shows primary energy use in some selected regions of the world together with the related CO 2 emissions. R.Steinberger-Wilckens(&) SchoolofChemicalEngineering,CentreforFuelCellandHydrogenResearch, UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK e-mail:[email protected] ©CISMInternationalCentreforMechanicalSciences2017 1 M.BoaroandA.S.Aricò(eds.),AdvancesinMediumandHighTemperatureSolidOxide FuelCellTechnology,CISMInternationalCentreforMechanicalSciences574, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-46146-5_1
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