Advances in Maritime Logistics and Supply Chain Systems

332 Pages·2011·6.97 MB·English

by  Ek Peng Chew, Ek Peng Chew, Loo Hay Lee, Loon Ching Tang

Advances in Maritime Logistics
and Supply Chain Systems
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Advances in Maritime Logistics
and Supply Chain Systems
editors
Ek Peng Chew
Loo Hay Lee
Loon Ching Tang
National University of Singapore, Singapore
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ADVANCES IN MARITIME LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEMS
Copyright © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN-13 978-981-4329-85-9
ISBN-10 981-4329-85-1
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
Steven - Advances in Maritime Logistics.pmd 1 6/14/2011, 2:01 PM
June14,2011 11:46 9inx6in Advances inMaritimeLogistics&Supply... b1185-fm
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Part 1: Regional Developments and Performance
Analysis 1
1. MaritimeTradeEvolutionsandPortCityDevelopments
In Asia 3
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Evolution of Asia’s Maritime Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. Ancient maritime trade between India and China,
1200–1450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2. Maritime networks in colony times,
1500–1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3. Asia’s maritime trade under globalization . . . . . 12
3. Asia Port Developments in the 1990s and Beyond . . . . 14
3.1. Northeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2. Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3. South Asia ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4. Factors of Port Competitiveness and Development . . . . 32
4.1. Port location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2. Port efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3. Multimodal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4. Maritime trade strategy and institutional
settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5. Lessons to be Learnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
v
June14,2011 11:46 9inx6in Advances inMaritimeLogistics&Supply... b1185-fm
vi Contents
2. Recent Development of Maritime Logistics 49
1. Development Trends on Global Container Shipping . . . 49
1.1. Global economic condition and industry
perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.2. Recent trends in container shipping industry . . . 53
2. Liner Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.1. Container liners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2. Freight rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1. Global container terminal operators . . . . . . . . 58
3.2. Leading terminal operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3. Development in transshipment activities . . . . . 64
3.4. Improvement in port performance . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5. UNCTAD liner shipping connectivity
index 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3. Scenario Analysis for Hong Kong Port Development
Under Changing Business Environment 69
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2. Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3. Changing Business Environment for HKP. . . . . . . . . 74
3.1. Changing business environment
in the PRD region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2. Potential processing trade relocation trends. . . . 75
4. A MIP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5. Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1. Experimental scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2. Experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6. Results, Analysis and Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.1. Modeling results at base scenario . . . . . . . . . 82
6.2. Sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.3. Scenario analysis and findings . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7. Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
June14,2011 11:46 9inx6in Advances inMaritimeLogistics&Supply... b1185-fm
Contents vii
4. Models for Port Competitive Analysis in Asia-Pacific Region 91
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2. Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3. Port Benchmarking Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1. Port efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.2. Port connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3. Impact of factors on individual ports . . . . . . . 105
4. Conclusion and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5. Is Port Throughput a Port Output? 117
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2. Port Production Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3. Port Operating Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4. Port Resource Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5. Container Port Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1. TEU Throughput and the port
production function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2. TEU Throughput and port cost functions . . . . . 122
6. Port Interchange Service Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.1. Port revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.2. Port throughput ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6. A Framework for Modelling and Benchmarking
Maritime Clusters: An Application to the Maritime
Cluster of Piraeus 131
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2. Conceptual Definition: Cluster Theory
and Maritime Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3. The Concept of Maritime Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4. Spatial Paradigm: The Greater Area of Piraeus . . . . . 137
4.1. The structure of the Piraeus maritime
cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.2. The economic footprint of the maritime industry
in the region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3. SWOT analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
June14,2011 11:46 9inx6in Advances inMaritimeLogistics&Supply... b1185-fm
viii Contents
5. Methods for Evaluating and Benchmarking Maritime
Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.1. General cluster sizing indicators . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2. Intra-cluster performance indicators . . . . . . . . 147
5.3 On the use of data and analysis for measuring
performance of maritime clusters. . . . . . . . . . 149
6. Computational Methods for Simulation and Life-Cycle
Management of Maritime Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.1. Agent-based modeling and simulation . . . . . . . 151
6.2. Modeling case study: the maritime cluster
of Piraeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.3. Agent-based modeling toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7. A Performance Evaluation Strategy Towards Dealers
in the Automotive Supply Chain 157
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2. Problems of Dealer Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3. Indicators Definition for Dealers’
Performance Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.1. Balanced scorecard method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.2. Evaluation indicators definition . . . . . . . . . . 160
4. Dealers’ Performance Evaluation via ANP . . . . . . . . 162
4.1. Analytic network process (ANP) . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2. Enabling factors of dealers’ performance . . . . . 162
4.3. Procedure of dealers’ performance evaluation . . . 163
4.4. Method for dealers’ performance evaluation. . . . 167
5. Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Part 2: Ports and liners operations 171
8. A Yard Allocation Strategy for Export Containers Via
Simulation and Optimization 173
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
2. Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
June14,2011 11:46 9inx6in Advances inMaritimeLogistics&Supply... b1185-fm
Contents ix
2.1. Yard allocation for import containers . . . . . . . 174
2.2. Yard allocation for export containers . . . . . . . 175
2.3. Combined yard allocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3. Yard Allocation Modeling for Export Containers . . . . . 176
3.1. Problem description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.2. Yard allocation modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4. Yard Allocation Algorithm for Export Containers . . . . 181
4.1. Heuristic algorithm for feasible solution . . . . . . 182
4.2. Procedure of genetic algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5. Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.1. Simulation framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.2. Input parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.3. Simulation process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.4. Statistical simulation indices . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6. Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9. Integration of AGVS in Intermodal Rail Operations
at Deep Sea Terminals 193
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
2. Earlier Attempts to Address the Problem . . . . . . . . . 195
2.1. Fixed rail mounted gantry cranes linking ship
to shore crane with stacking area and hinterland
modes rail and road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
2.2. NOELL — an approach by K.-P. FRANKE . . . 195
3. The AGV-solution to Integrate Railway Operations
in Deep Sea Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10. On the Ongoing Increase of Containership Size 201
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2. Economies of Ship Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2.1. Modeling ship size economies . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2.2. Capital related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2.3. Labour related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207