Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 47

341 Pages·2004·12.48 MB·English

by  Alan J. Southward, Paul A. Tyler, Craig M. Young, Lee A. Fuiman

Advances in
MARINE BIOLOGY
VOLUME 47
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Advances in
MARINE BIOLOGY
Edited by
A. J. SOUTHWARD
Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
P. A. TYLER
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
C. M. YOUNG
Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389,
Charleston, Oregon 97420, USA
and
L. A. FUIMAN
Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 780 Channel View Drive,
Port Aransas, Texas 78372, USA
Elsevier Academic Press
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright ß 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.
The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book
indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for
personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition,
however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc. (www.copyright.com), for copying beyond that permitted by
Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to
other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising
or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
Copy fees for pre-2005 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code
appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters.
0065-2881/2005 $35.00
Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333,
E-mail:
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 47
James Aiken, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1
3DH, UK
Jack Blanton, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia
31411, USA
Gerald T. Boalch, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
R. A. Braithwaite,* North Atlantic Fisheries College, Port Arthur,
Scalloway, Shetland ZE1 OUN, UK
E. D. Christou, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanog-
raphy, Anavissos 19013, Attiki, Greece
Paul R. Dando, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK and School of Ocean Science, University of Wales
Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
C. Frangoulis, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanog-
raphy, Anavissos 19013, Attiki, Greece
Martin J. Genner, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Nicholas C. Halliday, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel
Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Nicholas J. Hardman-Mountford, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Pros-
pect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
Roger P. Harris, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth,
PL1 3DH, UK
Stephen J. Hawkins, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
J. H. Hecq, MARE Centre, Laboratory of Oceanology, Ecohydrodynamics
Unit, University of Lie`ge, B6, 4000 Lie`ge, Belgium
Ian Joint, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1
3DH, UK
Michael A. Kendall, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place,
Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
Olivia Langmead, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Rebecca Leaper, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
*Current address: School of Ocean Sciences, University of North Wales
Bangor, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd, LL59 5AB, UK
vi CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 47
L. A. McEvoy, North Atlantic Fisheries College, Port Arthur, Scalloway,
Shetland, ZE1 0UN,UK
Nova Mieszkowska, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Robin D. Pingree, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Henrique Queiroga, Departmento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro,
Campus Universita´rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Anthony J. Richardson, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science,
Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
David W. Sims, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Tania Smith, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1
3DH, UK
Alan J. Southward, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Anthony W. Walne, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science,
Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST TEN YEARS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Long-Term Oceanographic and Ecological Research in
the Western English Channel
Alan J. Southward, Olivia Langmead, Nicholas J. Hardman-Mountford,
James Aiken, Gerald T. Boalch, Paul R. Dando, Martin J. Genner, Ian Joint,
Michael A. Kendall, Nicholas C. Halliday, Roger P. Harris, Rebecca Leaper,
Nova Mieszkowska, Robin D. Pingree, Anthony J. Richardson,
David W. Sims, Tania Smith, Anthony W. Walne and Stephen J. Hawkins
1. Introduction and Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. MBA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. PML and the Former IMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4. SAHFOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Interactions Between Behaviour and Physical Forcing in
the Control of Horizontal Transport of Decapod
Crustacean Larvae
Henrique Queiroga and Jack Blanton
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3. Marine Physical Processes and Larval Transport Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4. Cyclic Vertical Migration in the Natural Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5. Ontogenetic Migration and the Extent of Vertical Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6. Significance of Vertical Migration in Dispersal: Evidence from Field Studies . . . . . . . . 148
7. Proximate Factors Controlling Vertical Migration: Environmental Factors and
Endogenous Rhythms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8. Behavioural Control of Vertical Migration: Evidence from Laboratory Studies . . . . . 164
9. Nonrhythmic Vertical Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10. Mechanism for Depth Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11. Modifiers of Vertical Migration Pattern: Temperature, Salinity, and Food . . . . . . . . . . 188
CONTENTS
12. Vertical and Horizontal Swimming Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
13. Measurements of Horizontal Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Marine Biofouling on Fish Farms and Its Remediation
R. A. Braithwaite and L. A. McEvoy
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
2. Nature and Extent of Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
3. The Fouling Community of Fish-Cage Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4. Antifouling Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Comparison of Marine Copepod Outfluxes: Nature, Rate,
Fate and Role in the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
C. Frangoulis, E. D. Christou and J. H. Hecq
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2. Nature of Copepod Outfluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
3. Factors Controlling the Rate of Copepod Outfluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4. Vertical Flux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
5. Role of Copepod Outfluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Taxonomic Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Series Contents for Last Ten Years*
VOLUME 30, 1994.
Vincx, M., Bett, B. J., Dinet, A., Ferrero, T., Gooday, A. J., Lambshead,
P. J. D., Pfannku¨che, O., Soltweddel, T. and Vanreusel, A. Meiobenthos
of the deep Northeast Atlantic. pp. 1–88.
Brown, A. C. and Odendaal, F. J. The biology of oniscid isopoda of the
genus Tylos. pp. 89–153.
Ritz, D. A. Social aggregation in pelagic invertebrates. pp. 155–216.
Ferron, A. and Legget, W. C. An appraisal of condition measures for marine
fish larvae. pp. 217–303.
Rogers, A. D. The biology of seamounts. pp. 305–350.
VOLUME 31, 1997.
Gardner, J. P. A. Hybridization in the sea. pp. 1–78.
Egloff, D. A., Fofonoff, P. W. and Onbe´, T. Reproductive behaviour of
marine cladocerans. pp. 79–167.
Dower, J. F., Miller, T. J. and Leggett, W. C. The role of microscale
turbulence in the feeding ecology of larval fish. pp. 169–220.
Brown, B. E. Adaptations of reef corals to physical environmental stress.
pp. 221–299.
Richardson, K. Harmful or exceptional phytoplankton blooms in the
marine ecosystem. pp. 301–385.
VOLUME 32, 1997.
Vinogradov, M. E. Some problems of vertical distribution of meso- and
macroplankton in the ocean. pp. 1–92.
Gebruk, A. K., Galkin, S. V., Vereshchaka, A. J., Moskalev, L. I. and
Southward, A. J. Ecology and biogeography of the hydrothermal vent
fauna of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. pp. 93–144.
Parin, N. V., Mironov, A. N. and Nesis, K. N. Biology of the Nazca and
Sala y Gomez submarine ridges, an outpost of the Indo-West Pacific
fauna in the eastern Pacific Ocean: composition and distribution of the
fauna, its communities and history. pp. 145–242.
Nesis, K. N. Goniatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: ecology, bio-
geography, niche diversity, and role in the ecosystem. pp. 243–324.
Vinogradova, N. G. Zoogeography of the abyssal and hadal zones.
pp. 325–387.
Zezina, O. N. Biogeography of the bathyal zone. pp. 389–426.
*The full list of contents for volumes 1–37 can be found in volume 38.