Advances in Light Water Reactor Technologies PDF
Preview Advances in Light Water Reactor Technologies
Advances in Light Water Reactor Technologies Takehiko Saito Junichi Yamashita l Yuki Ishiwatari Yoshiaki Oka l Editors Advances in Light Water Reactor Technologies Editors JunichiYamashita TakehikoSaito UniversityofTokyo UniversityofTokyo Hongo7-3-1 Hongo7-3-1 113-8656Tokyo 113-8656Tokyo Bankyo-ku Bankyo-ku Japan Japan [email protected] [email protected] YukiIshiwatari YoshiakiOka UniversityofTokyo WasedaUniversity Dept.NuclearEngineeringand JointDepartmentof Management NuclearEnergy Hongo7-3-1 Building51,11F-09B 113-8656Tokyo 3-4-1Ohkubo, Bunkyo-ku Shinjuku-ku, Japan Tokyo,169-8555 [email protected] Japan [email protected] Emeritusprofessor UniversityofTokyo ISBN978-1-4419-7100-5 e-ISBN978-1-4419-7101-2 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-7101-2 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010938361 #SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface In December 1951, electric power was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor called EBR-1 (Experimental Breeder Reactor-1) located at Idaho, USA. Subsequently in 1954, a small-scale (5 MWe) graphite-moderated, water-cooled reactorNuclearPowerPlant(NPP)beganoperationatObninskintheformerUSSR (present-dayRussia),followedbythefirstcommercialGas-CooledReactorNPPat CalderHall,UKin1956andthefirstcommercialPressurizedWaterReactorNPP atShippingport,PA,USAin1957. Since then, many NPPs have been constructed worldwide. According to the IAEA Power Reactor Information System data (updated on December 16, 2009), 436 NPPs are currently in operation with a total net installed capacity of 370,304 MWe. Light water reactors (LWRs) have been most widely used and 88.3% (326,860 MWe) of the world’s total nuclear power generation are by 356 LWRNPPs. The number of NPPs rapidly increased until the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and the Chernobyl accident in 1986; these events led to a slow down or stoppageintheconstructionofsubsequentplants.However,evenduringtheyears of setback that followed, considerable R&D efforts for improving the design of LWRs continued. Thanks to these tireless efforts, evolutionary LWR NPPs have been developed in recent years, and some are already in operation and many are underconstructionorbeingplannedworldwide. To build a bridge between fundamental research and practical applications in LWR plants, the University of Tokyo organized the first International Summer SchoolofNuclearPowerPlantsatTokai-mura,IbarakiPrefecture,Japan,fromJuly 28toAugust5,2009.TheSchoolwashostedbytheExecutiveCommitteeandwas cosponsored by the GoNERI Program of the University of Tokyo and the Japan AtomicEnergyAgency,incooperationwiththeAtomicEnergySocietyofJapan. The School presented state-of-the-art technologies, methods, and research studies onNPPstoyoungresearchersandengineersfromuniversities,R&Dinstitutes,and industriesworkinginnuclearscienceandtechnology.Atotalof57participants(14 fromJapan,28fromChina,9fromtheUSA,and6fromtheRepublicofKorea),22 v vi Preface lecturers(invitedfrominternationallyrenownedmanufacturers,researchinstitutes, anduniversities),and14executivecommitteemembersandstaffjoinedtheSchool attheTokai-muravenue.Theparticipantsbenefitedgreatlyfromlecturesdelivered bytheworld’stopexpertswhostayedafewdaysfollowingtheirlecturestoallow intensiveexchangeofknowledgebetweenlecturersandparticipants. In2004,theIAEApublishedTECDOC-1391,“StatusofAdvancedLightWater Reactor Designs,” which is an overview of evolutionary LWR design. However, thereisnotextbookwhichexplainsbasicresearchlinkedtopracticalLWRapplica- tions.Tofillthisgap,thispublicationincludes10selectedlecturesoftheInterna- tionalSummerSchoolandtheauthorsfurtherrefinedthemandelaboratedtheminto atextbookstyle.Mostoftheauthorsaretechnicalexpertsfrommanufacturersand their experiences are the key elements of the book. The editors hope the contents will be useful to engineers and researchers at manufacturers, utilities, regulatory bodies,andresearchinstitutesaswellastograduatestudentsandprofessorsinthe nuclearengineeringfield. As for specific evolutionary LWRs, the ABWR, APWR, EPR, and APR1400 havebeenselected.Relevantstudiesandresearchonthesafetyofthesereactors– suchastheuseofprobabilisticsafetyanalysis(PSA)indesignandmaintenanceof the ABWR (Chap.1), development of an advanced accumulator (a new passive ECCScomponent)oftheAPWR(Chap.2),studiesonsevereaccidentmitigationfor theAPR1400(Chap.3),anddevelopmentofacorecatcherfortheEPR(Chap.4)– arepresented.CurrentLWRdevelopmentandsevereaccidentresearchinChinaare summarized inChap.5. Other important advancesin LWR technologies – such as full MOX core design, application of CFD in design of LWRs (BWRs), next- generation digital I&C technologies, use of advanced CAD and computer models indesignandconstructionofLWR(ABWR),andadvancesinseismicdesignand evaluationofLWR(thenewJapanesesafetyguideonseismicdesignandseismic PSA)–aregiveninChaps.6,7,8,9,and10,respectively. Many individuals and organizations have contributed to the realization of this book. The publication of the book and the International Summer School were supportedbytheMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,Science,andTechnology of Japan through the University of Tokyo Global COE (Center of Excellence) Program “Nuclear Education and Research Initiative,” known as GoNERI. In addition to the invited lecturers, sincere appreciation goes to the advisory and internationalorganizingcommitteememberswhohelpedorganizetheInternational Summer School. The book was assembled by Ms. Misako Watanabe. The editors arealsogratefulfortheeditingassistanceofDr.CarolKikuchi. Executive Committee Members of “The First Summer School of Nuclear Power Plant” YoshiakiOka,Chair,UniversityofTokyo YukiIshiwatari,UniversityofTokyo TakaharuFukuzaki,UniversityofTokyo SatoshiIkejiri,UniversityofTokyo ShinichiMorooka,Toshiba/(UniversityofTokyo) TakehikoSaito,NuclearSafetyCommission/(UniversityofTokyo) JunSugimoto,JapanAtomicEnergyAgency(JAEA) JunichiYamashita,Hitachi-GE/(UniversityofTokyo) ZenkoYoshida,JapanAtomicEnergyAgency(JAEA) AdvancesinLightWaterReactorTechnologies ByYoshiakiOka,TakehikoSaito,JunichiYamashita&YukiIshiwatari(Editors) vii Abbreviations ABWR Advancedboilingwaterreactor AFWS Auxiliaryfeedwatersystem APRM Averagepowerrangemonitor APWR Advancedpressurizedwaterreactor ATWS Anticipatedtransientwithoutscram BWR Boilingwaterreactor CAE Computeraidedengineering CCS Containmentspraysystem CDF Coredamagefrequency CFD Computationalfluiddynamics CFS Cavityfloodingsystem CHF Criticalheatflux CHRS Containmentheatremovalsystem DBA Design-basisaccident DBEGM Designbasisearthquakegroundmotion DCH Directcontainmentheating ECCS Emergencycorecoolingsystem FCI Fuelcoolantinteraction FMCRD Finemotioncontrolroddrive HMI Humanmachineinterface HMS Hydrogenmitigationsystem HPCS Highpressurecorespraysystem I&C Instrumentationandcontrol IRWST In-containmentrefuelingwaterstoragetank IVR In-vesselretention LOCA Lossofcoolantaccident LOFW Lossoffeedwater LPRM Localpowerrangemonitor LWR Lightwaterreactor MCCI Moltencoreconcreteinteraction ix x Abbreviations MCPR Minimalcriticalpowerratio MCR Maincontrolroom MLHGR Maximumlinearheatgenerationrate NPP Nuclearpowerplant NSSS Nuclearsteamsupplysystem PAR Passiveautocatalyticrecombiner PCCS Passivecontainmentsafetysystem PCV Primarycontainmentvessel PRNM Powerrangeneutronmonitor PSA Probabilisticsafetyanalysis RCCV Reinforcedconcretecontainmentvessel RCS Reactorcoolantsystem RIP Reactorinternalpump RPV Reactorpressurevessel SA Severaccident SCC Stresscorrosioncracking SG Steamgenerator SIS Safetyinjectionsystem SLC Standbyliquidcontrol SPSA Seismicprobabilisticsafetyassessment SRNM Startuprangeneutronmonitor SRV Safetyreliefvalve Contents 1 ApplicationofProbabilisticSafetyAnalysisinDesign andMaintenanceoftheABWR.......................................... 1 MasahikoFujii,ShinichiMorooka,,andHideakiHeki 2 TheAdvancedAccumulator:ANewPassiveECCS ComponentoftheAPWR................................................ 31 TadashiShiraishi 3 SevereAccidentMitigationFeaturesofAPR1400..................... 85 Sang-BaikKimandSeung-JongOh 4 DevelopmentandDesignoftheEPRTMCoreCatcher................ 119 DietmarBittermannandManfredFischer 5 NuclearPowerDevelopmentandSevereAccident ResearchinChina........................................................ 143 XuCheng 6 FullMOXCoreDesignoftheOhmaABWR NuclearPowerPlant..................................................... 177 AkiraNishimura 7 CFDAnalysisApplicationsinBWRReactor SystemDesign............................................................. 199 YuichiroYoshimotoandShiroTakahashi 8 NextGenerationTechnologiesintheDigitalI&C SystemsforNuclearPowerPlants...................................... 223 TatsuyukiMaekawaandToshifumiHayashi xi
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