Advances in Information Technologies for Electromagnetics

472 Pages·2006·10.954 MB·English

by  Alessandra Esposito (auth.), Luciano Tarricone, Alessandra Esposito (eds.)

Advances in Information Technologies for Electromagnetics
Advances in Information
Technologies for
Electromagnetics
Edited by
Luciano Tarricone
University of Lecce, Italy
and
Alessandra Esposito
University of Lecce, Italy
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4748-7 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4748-0 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4749-5 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4749-5 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands
Dedication
This book is dedicated to
Edoardo and Silvia
Contents
Contributing Authors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments x xvii

1 Parallel and Distributed Environments 1
A. Esposito
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BASIC CONCEPTS 2
3. PARALLEL PROGRAMMING 3
3.1 Introduction 3
3.1.1 MPI 5
3.2 Performance Assessment 6
4. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 6
4.1 Introduction 6
4.2 RPC 7
4.3 Mobile Agent Framework 8
5. THE WEB 8
5.1 XML 10
5.1.1 Introduction 10
5.1.2 XML Fundamentals 12
5.1.3 Namespaces 13
5.1.4 XML Schema 15
5.1.5 Applications 16

2 Object-Oriented Technologies 19
A. Esposito

1. INTRODUCTION 19
2. OO PROGRAMMING 20
viii Contents
2.1 Basic Concepts 20
2.2 Java 23
2.2.1 Introduction 23
2.2.2 The Language 24
3. OO DISTRIBUTED FRAMEWORKS 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.1.1 Java RMI 26
3.2 Java Mobile Agents 27

3 The Semantic Web 29
A. Esposito
1. INTRODUCTION 29
2. DESCRIPTION LOGICS 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 A Model for Reality: The TBox 31
2.2.1 Constructors 33
2.2.2 Axioms 35
2.3 The ABox 37
2.4 Reasoners 38
3. TOOLS FOR THE SEMANTIC WEB 41
3.1 Languages 41
3.2 Reasoners 42
3.3 Tools for Building Ontologies 43

4 Web Services 45
A. Esposito
1. INTRODUCTION 45
2. BASIC CONCEPTS 46
2.1 Web Services Architecture 46
3. WEB SERVICES DESCRIPTION: WSDL 48
4. AUTOMATIC DISCOVERY OF WEB SERVICES 50
4.1 UDDI 50
4.2 The Semantic Web Services 50

5 Grid Computing 55
A. Esposito
1. INTRODUCTION 55
2. GC BASIC CONCEPTS 56
Contents ix

3. THE GLOBUS TOOLKIT 57
3.1 GT and Web Services 58
4. GT COMPONENTS 60
5. JOB MANAGEMENT 61
5.1 GC for HPC 61
6. INFORMATION SERVICES 62
7. DATA MANAGEMENT 65

6 Complex Computational Electromagnetics using Hybridisation
Techniques 69
R. A. Abd-Alhameed and P. S. Excell

1. INTRODUCTION 70
1.1 Integral Equation Methods 70
1.2 Differential Equation Methods 70
1.3 The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 71
1.4 Hybrid Methods 72
1.5 Literature Review 74
2. OUTLINE OF THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID
METHOD 80
2.1 Hybrid Treatment for Homogeneous Multiple Elements 80
2.1.1 Hybrid MoM/MoM Treatment for Two Elements
(Sub-Matrices Iterative Technique) 81
2.1.2 Hybrid MoM/MoM Method for Two Elements
(Field Transfer Iterative Technique) 84
2.1.3 Extension of Hybrid MoM/MoM Method from
Two Elements to Multiple Elements (Field Transfer
Iterative Technique) 88
2.1.4 Hybrid MoM in Multiple Regions Using
the Equivalence Principle Surface 91
3. INCIDENT WAVE EXCITATIONS IN THE FDTD METHOD 101
3.1 Total/Scattered Field Formulation in Three Dimensions 102
4. MODIFIED TOTAL/SCATTERED FIELD FORMULATION
FOR THE H YBRID TECHNIQUE 107
5. VALIDATION OF TOTAL/SCATTERED FIELD
FORMULATION IMPLEMENTATION USING
HOMOGENEOUS FDTD IN MULTIPLE REGIONS 110
x Contents
6. HYBRID MOM/FDTD TECHNIQUE ALGORITHM 112
6.1 Theoretical Formulation 113
6.2 Multiple-Source Scattering Problems 116
7. NEC/FDTD HYBRID PROGRAM 120
8. FAR FIELD CALCULATIONS USING THE HYBRID CODE 123
9. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES USING THE HYBRID MoM/FDTD
TECHNIQUE 123
10. SUMMARY 140

7 Enhanced EM software for Planar Circuits 147
D. Vande Ginste, F. Olyslager, D. De Zutter and E. Michielssen
1. INTRODUCTION 148
1.1 Setting and Definition of the Research Topic 148
1.1.1 High-Frequency Applications and Design 148
1.1.2 Planar Circuits and Planar Solvers 149
1.1.3 Some Advantages and Drawbacks of BIE-MoM Based
Planar Solvers 150
1.2 Methodology 151
1.2.1 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Based Green’s
Functions 151
1.2.2 Iterative Solvers 153
1.2.3 Fast Multipole Method (FMM) 154
1.3 Outline 155
2. CLASSICAL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROSTRIP
STRUCTURES 156
2.1 Geometry of the Problem 156
2.2 The EFIE Description 157
2.3 The Green’s Dyadic G (r|r') 158
ee
2.3.1 Integral Representation 158
2.3.2 Sommerfeld-Integrals 160
2.4 The Method of Moments 161
3. PERFECTLY MATCHED LAYER BASED GREEN’S
FUNCTIONS FOR LAYERED MEDIA 163
3.1 The Perfectly Matched Layer Concept 163
3.1.1 The Split Field Formalism 163
3.1.2 Complex Coordinate Stretching Formalism 164
3.2 Closure of Open Microstrip Substrates 165
3.2.1 Procedure and Influence on the Green’s Functions 165
3.2.2 Complex Thickness 166
3.2.3 Dispersion Relations 167
Contents xi

3.3 Series Expansion for the Green’s Dyadic G 168
ee
3.3.1 Integral Representation 168
3.3.2 G 168
ee,xx
3.3.3 G 172
ee,xy
3.3.4 Closed-Form Expression for G 172
ee
3.3.5 Important Remarks Concerning the Series Expansion 173
4. A PML-MLMFA FOR THE MODELING OF LARGE PLANAR
MICROSTRIP STRUCTURES 174
4.1 Introduction and Outline 174
4.2 Formulation of the Technique 175
4.2.1 The moment Matrix Written as Interactions Between
Elementary Current Sources 175
4.2.2 Plane Wave Decomposition of the Hankel Function 176
4.2.3 Core Equation of the PML-MLFMA for Microstrip
Structures 178
4.3 Implementation of the Technique 180
4.3.1 Construction of the MLFMA Tree 180
4.3.2 The Matrix-Vector Multiplication 185
4.4 Some Important Remarks about the Complexity of the
PML-MLFMA 195
4.4.1 Memory and Computational Complexity 195
4.4.2 Mode Trimming 195
4.4.3 Determination of the Sampling Rates 2Ql +1 196
TX,n
4.5 Numerical Results 197
4.5.1 Validation of the Method 197
4.5.2 Computational and Memory Efficiency 204
4.5.3 Application Examples 206
5. EXTENSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 210
5.1 Extensions 210
5.1.1 Development of a Low-Frequency Algorithm 210
5.1.2 Combination of the HF- and the LF-Technique 213
5.1.3 Extension to General Multilayered Structures 214
5.2 Conclusions 215

8 Parallel Grid-enabled FDTD for the Characterization
of Metamaterials 223
L. Catarinucci, G. Monti, P. Palazzari and L. Tarricone

1. INTRODUCTION 223
2. INTRODUCTION TO METAMATERIALS 224
2.1 DNG Metamaterials 225
xii Contents
3. NEGATIVE REFRACTION 227
4. HOW TO SYNTHESIZE A DNG MEDIUM 228
5. DNG MEDIA APPLICATIONS 234
6. MODULATED SIGNALS IN A DNG MEDIUM 236
6.1 Dispersion 236
6.2 Gaussian Pulse in a DNG Slab 237
7. NUMERICAL METHODS FOR METAMATERIALS 242
7.1 Bases for the FDTD Method 242
7.2 Parallel Grid-Enabled FDTD using MPI 249
7.3 Efficient Subgridding Technique for Parallel FDTD
Algorithms: Variable Mesh FDTD 250
7.4 FDTD Methods and DNG Materials 256
7.5 DNG Slabs: Reflection by and Propagation in a DNG Slab 257

9 A Software Tool for Quasi-Optical Systems 265
N. C. Albertsen, P. E. Frandsen and S. B. Sørensen
1. INTRODUCTION 265
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUASI-OPTICAL NETWORK
DESIGN 267
3. OUTLINE OF THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM 271
4. ANALYSIS METHODS 274
5. USER INTERFACE - THE FRAME EDITOR 276
6. COMPONENTS AND OBJECTS: THE OBJECT WIZARD 281
7. COMPLEX COMMANDS: THE COMMAND WIZARD 283
8. FRAME CONNECTIONS AND 3D MODELLING 286
9. EVALUATION AND FUTURE EXTENSIONS 291

10 Cooperative Computer Aided Engineering of Antenna Arrays 295
A. Esposito, L. Tarricone, L. Vallone and M. Vallone
1. INTRODUCTION 295
2. CAE OF APERTURE ANTENNA ARRAYS 296
3. GRID SERVICES AND SEMANTIC GRID 297
4. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 298
5. THE FRAMEWORK 301
5.1 Introduction 301
5.2 Grid Infrastructure 302
5.3 Encapsulation into Services 303
5.4 Ontology 30 6
5.4.1 Introduction 30 6