Advances in Information Systems Science: Volume 5

352 Pages·1974·8.66 MB·English

by  P. C. Patton (auth.), Julius T. Tou (eds.)

Advances in
Information
Systems Science
Volume5
Contributors
J. A. Moyne Queens College 0/ the
City University 0/ New York
Flushing, New York
P. C. Patton University Computer Center
The University 0/ Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
C. V. Ramamoorthy Department 0/ Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science
University 0/ Cali/ornia
Berkeley, Cali/ornia
James D. Schoe//ler Systems Research Center
Case Institute 0/ Technology
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Volurne 5
Advances in
Information
Systems Science
Edited by
Julius T. Tou
Center for Informatics Research
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK -LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the flrst volume of this title as folIows:
Advances in infol'mation systems science. v. 1-
Kf'W York. Plpnum Press, 1969-
T. Illus. 24 cm.
Editor v. 1- J. T. Tou.
1. Inforruation sclence-CoUections. I. Tou. Tsu·lieh. ed.
Z699.AIA36 029.7 69-12544
Lihrary of Congress
Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 69-12544
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8248-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8246-5
DOI: /0. /007/978-1-4615-8246-5
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint 0/ the hardcover Ist edition 1974
A Division 0/ Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y.lOOII
Uni ted Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division 0/ Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microjilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission [rom the Publisher
Contents 01 Earlier Volumes
Volume 1 Chapter 1: Theory of Algorithms and Discrete Processors
v. M. Glushkov and A. A. Letichevskii
Chapter 2: Programming Languages
Alfonso Caracciolo di Forino
Chapter 3: Formula Manipulation - The User's Point of View
M. E. Engeli
Chapter 4: Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition
Julius T. Tou
Chapter 5: Learning Control Systems
K.S.Fu
Volume 2 Chapter I: Learning Systems
Ya. Z. Tsypkin
Chapter 2: Stochastic Computing Systems
B. R. Gaines
Chapter 3: Semantics of Programming Languages
J. W. de Bakker
Chapter 4: Information Storage and Retrieval Systems
Michael E. Senko
Chapter 5: Some Characteristics of Human Information Processing
Earl Hunt and Walter Makous
Volume 3 Chapter 1: Pattern Recognition: Heuristics or Science?
V. A. Kovalevsky
Chapter 2: Feature Compression
Satosi Watanabe
Chapter 3: Image Processing Principles and Techniques
J. K. Hawkins
Chapter 4: Computer Graphics
R. J. Pankhurst
Chapter 5: Logical Design of Optimal Digital Networks· by Integer Programming
Saburo Muroga
Valurne 4 Chapter 1: Augmentation of Machine Language Level
V. K. Smimov
Chapter 2: On the Relation between Grammars and Automata
Michael A. Harrison
Chapter 3: An Introduction to Information Structures and Paging
Considerations for On-Line Text Editing Systems
David E. Rice and Andries van Dam
Chapter 4: An Introduction to the Structure of Time-Shared Computers
C. Gordon Bell and Michael M. Gold
Chapter 5: Error-Correcting Codes in Computer Arithmetic
James L. Massey and Oscar N. Garcfa
Articles Plannedfor Future Volumes
David J. Farber (USA) Design Principles of Computer
Networks
R. M. Graham (USA) Basic Techniques in System Programming
Thomas Huang (USA) Image Enhancement and Recognition by
Digital Computer
V. E. Kotov (USSR) Theory of Parallel Programming.
Part I: Survey of Practical Aspects
A. S. Narin'yani (USSR) Theory of Parallel Programming.
Part II: Survey of Formal Models
Alan C. Shaw (USA) Analysis and Synthesis of Pictures Using
Picture Grammars
Peter Wegner (USA) Data Structures in Programming Languages
Preface
This volume, the fifth of a continuing series on information systems science,
covers four timely topics which are in the mainstream of this field. In each
chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with basic background
information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used
independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis
in this volume is focused upon data organization and access methods,
software for on-line minicomputer applications, advances in micropro
graming, and gramm ars and recognizers for formal and natural languages.
In Chapter 1, P. C. Patton presents a tutorial survey of data organiza
tion and access methods which play a central role in information system
design. Research in information processing has been shifted from numerical
data processing to nonnumerical information handling. In the latter case,
the information is carried not only by the data but also by the structure and
organization of the data base. In this chapter, the author provides the reader
with a comprehensive review of various data structures, including linear
lists, array structures, tree structures, and multilinked structures. He also
discusses the important problem of data-base design and management.
This chapter concludes with several examples of information handling
systems such as a matrix interpretive system, a generalized information
management system, and a criminal justice information system.
The rapid reduction in cost and great increase in capability of the mini
computer have made it an attractive machine for information systems.
In recent years, the use of minicomputers in real-time information systems
for data acquisition, direct digital control, supervisory control, manufac
turing monitoring, and message switching and communication has gained
greater popularity. The minicomputer is no longer considered merely as a
high-power calculator. In Chapter 2, J. D. Schoeffier reviews the software
design principles for on-line minicomputer applications. He discusses four
key problems in minicomputer software organization: data structure, inter
program communication, memory management, and control structure. This
chapter also presents examples of mini computer applications in data ac
quisition and direct digital control, in data communication and message
ix
x Preface
transfer between remote terminals, and in discrete parts manufacturing
systems. In both Chapter land Chapter 2, emphasis has been placed upon
data structures and program organization.
Microprograming is one ofthe most significant concepts in the develop
ment of modern digital computers for information systems. The micro
programing concept has motivated important research in computer com
patibility, design fiexibility, automated diagnostics, and the design of user
microprogramable computers. In view of the fact that the microprograming
concept has played a leading role in the successful design of modern general
purpose and multiple-purpose computers, Chapter 3 is devoted to a survey
of the status of microprograming. C. V. Ramamoorthy introduces the
reader to this subject. Among the topics to be discussed in this chapter are
evolution of microprograming, architectural variations in microprogramed
systems, high-level microprograming language, and microprogram op
timization. He concludes his chapter with so me discussions of the applica~
tions and problem areas for further study.
Language is generally considered a medium of communication anda
carrier of information. Hs importance to the study of information systems
science is welI-recognized. In Chapter 4, J. A. Moyne presents a compre
hensive discussion of so me grammars and recognizers for formal and
natural languages. Both grammars and recognizers are considered theo
retical devices for the study of the structure of languages. In this chapter,
the author discusses various types of grammars and languages, examines
four types of automata as recognizers for the languages, reviews the develop
ment of transformational grammar, and illustrates the applications to
programing languages as well as natural languages. In all four chapters of
this volume, an extensive bibliography for each subject is provided for
further study.
The editor wishes to express sincere thanks to the authors ofthis volume
for their cooperation and for the timely completion of their manuscripts.
Many more contributed to the book than those whose names appear in the
contents. Much credit is due to our colleagues for their invaluable advice
and to our reviewers for their constructive suggestions. The publication
of this volume has been delayed simply because the editor was hit head-on
in an automobile accident last year and was bedridden for several months.
Julius T. Tou
Gainesville, Florida
January 1974
Contents
Chapter 1 Data Organization and Access Methods
P. C.Patton
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
1.1. Data Structure in Contrast to Data Content . 3
1.2. Memory Structure and Organization . . . . 6
1.3. Some Distinctions: Content, Structure, and Physical Storage 8
2. Linear Lists and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1. Linear List Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2. Storage Representation of Linear List Structures . 14
2.3. Computer Storage of Linked Lists 19
2.4. List Processing Languages 21
3. Array Structures 24
3.1. Orthogonal Lists 24
3.2. Data Tables 25
3.3. Matrices 27
3.4. Hypermatrices 31
4. Tree Structures . . 33
4.1. Trees and Their Representation 33
4.2. Characteristics of Tree Structures 37
4.3. Tree Storage and Access Methods 41
4.4. Multiply Indexed Files 44
5. Multilinked Structures . . . 45
5.1. Ring Structured Data 46
5.2. Directed Graphs 49
5.3. Programming Systems for Multilinked Structures 52
5.4. Graphics Data Processing 53
6. Data Base Design and Management 55
6.1. File Organization . . . . . 55
6.2. Storage Media ..... . 59
6.3. Software and System Facilities 61
xi