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Advances in Immunology [Vol 28] - F. Dixon, H. Kunkel (AP, 1979) WW PDF

535 Pages·1979·30.01 MB·English
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Preview Advances in Immunology [Vol 28] - F. Dixon, H. Kunkel (AP, 1979) WW

ADVANCES I N I m m u n o l o g y V O L U M E 28 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME FRANK J. DIXON H. G. KUNKEL GRAHAM F. MITCHELL DAVID C. MORRISON KO OKUMURA JOHN L. RYAN TOMIO TADA ARGYRIOS N. THEOFILOPOULOS R. J. WINCHESTER ADVANCES IN Immunology E D I T E D B Y FRANK J. DIXON HENRY G. KUNKEL Scripps Clinic ond Reseorrh Foundotion la Jolla, California The Rockefeller University New York, New York V O L U M E 28 1 9 7 9 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Bmce Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney Son Francisco COPYRIGHT @ 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWI IDX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 61 - 17057 ISBN 0-12-022428-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I9808182 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ................................................. PREFACE ix ................................................................ The Role of Antigen-Specific T Cell Factors in the Immune Response TOMIO TADA AND KO OKUMURA I . I1 . 111 . IV . V . VI * VII . VIII . IX . Introduction ...................................................... An Overview ..................................................... Antigen-Specific T Cell Factors That Augment the Antibody Response ............................................... Antigen-Specific T Cell Factors That Suppress the Immune Response ................................................ Cellular Consequences of Suppression Induced by Antigen-Specific Suppressor Factors ................................ Antigen-Specific T Cell Factors Derived from or Acting on Human Lymphocytes .......................................... The Nature of Antigen-Binding Site on T Cell Factors Minimal Models for Biologically Active T Cell Receptors ........... Conclusion ....................................................... References ....................................................... .............. The Biology and Detection of Immune Complexes ARGYRIOS N . THEOFILOFOULOS AND FRANK J . DIXON I . Introduction ...................................................... I1 . Formation and Fate of Immune Complexes ......................... 111 . Biologic Properties of Immune Complexes ......................... IV . The Detection of Immune Complexes .............................. V . Application of Assays for Immune Complexes ....................... VI . Isolation of Immune Complexes ................................... VII . Conclusions ...................................................... References ....................................................... The Human la System R . J . WINCHESTER AND H . G . KUNKEL I . Introduction ...................................................... I1 . Historical Overview ............................................... IV . Chemistry of the Human Ia Antigens ............................... V . Cross-Reactions between Murine and Human Ia Antigens ........... VI . 111 . B Lymphocytes ................................................... Ia Antigens on T Cells ............................................ V 1 3 6 28 59 67 70 76 79 80 89 90 96 126 143 181 185 189 222 222 226 233 235 237 vi CONTENTS VII . Ia Markers during Non-Lymphoid Cell Differentiation .............. 241 VIII . Delineation of Ia Alloantigen Specificities .......................... 251 IX . Disease Association ............................................... 264 X . Summary ......................................................... 280 References ....................................................... 282 Bacterial Endotoxins and Host Immune Responses DAVID c . MORRISON AND JOHN L . RYAN I . I1 . I11 . IV . V . VI . VII . VIII . Introduction ...................................................... 294 Host Immune Responses to Endotoxins ............................ 301 Antigen-Independent Effects of Endotoxins on Lymphocytes ........ 317 Antigen-Dependent Effects of Endotoxins on Immune Responses .... 353 C3H/He J-The Endotoxin-Unresponsive Mouse Strain .............. 377 The Effects of Endotoxins on Macrophages/Monocytes .............. 391 Biomedical Applications of Endotoxin-Activated Immune Systems ... 414 Summary and Conclusions. ........................................ 429 References ....................................................... 431 Responses to Infection with Metazoan and Protozoan Parasites in Mice GRAHAM F . MITCHELL I . Introduction ...................................................... I1 . Some Concepts in Immunoparasitology ............................. 111 . Resistance to Infection ............................................ IV . Immunosuppression. .............................................. V . Hypergammaglobulinemia ......................................... VI . Eosinophilia ...................................................... VII . Concluding Comments ............................................ References ....................................................... 451 453 463 489 495 498 500 483 SUBJECT INDEX ......................................................... 513 CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES ....................................... 516 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. FRANK J. DIXON, Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037 (89) H . G. KUNKEL, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 (221) GRAHAM F. MITCHELL, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, The Wal- ter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3050, Australia (451) DAVID C. MORRISON,* Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037 (293) KO OKUMURA, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (1) JOHN L. RYAN, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 0651 6 (293) TOMIO TADA, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uni- versity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (1) ARGYRIOS N. THEOFILOPOULOS, Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037 (89) R. J. WINCHESTER, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 (221) * Present address: Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medi- cine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. vii This page intentionally left blank This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE The subjects reviewed in this volume range over the field of Im- munology from basic experimental aspects to clinical considerations. The initial areas include the genetic basis of immunologic function and the substances involved in its control. Next is an overview of basic immunopathologic processes responsible for immunologic disease. Finally reviewed are two of the most common and important environ- mental stimuli, bacterial endotoxins and parasites, that interact with immunologic defenses. Characteristic of current thought in Immunol- ogy, the authors of this volume have emphasized the molecular and cellular aspects of their subjects, thereby providing fundamental ex- planations of the complicated events they discuss. The extreme complexity of the regulatory mechanisms by which cells of the lymphoid system interact was not anticipated a few years ago. Now it is clear that both antigen-specific and nonspecific stimula- tion and suppression are part of the immunologic scheme. In the first article, Drs. Tada and Okumura draw extensively on their own re- search in presenting a clear and detailed account of antigen-specific T cell regulatory factors. Particularly helpful is the perspective in which the authors place the many and often conflicting published reports on this subject. Also, their consideration of the contributions of the genes from both the Ig V and the I regions in determining antigen-specific T cell regulatory function provides an attractive hypothesis and indi- cates the further experimentation necessary for confirmation or dis- proof. It is becoming clear that immune complexes, the inevitable conse- quence of an antibody response, are important in immune processes far beyond their well-established role as mediators of tissue injury. In the second article, Drs. Theofilopoulos and Dixon describe the in- teraction of immune complexes with complement and with the cells of the immune system, the functions of which they profoundly influence. As might be anticipated in immunologic events, the effect of immune complexes depends to a great extent on their antigen-antibody ratio so that their influence, either stimulatory or suppressive, is itself mod- ulated by quantitative aspects of the immune response. The develop- ment of numerous techniques for the detection and quantitation of immune complexes has stimulated clinically related research and ex- panded the list of diseases in which immune complexes appear to play an important role. An extension of this diagnostic technology is the ability to isolate immune complexes and, in turn, their antigenic com- ix

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