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Advances in Immunology [Vol 12] - F. Dixon, H. Kunkel (AP, 1970) WW PDF

431 Pages·1970·23.26 MB·English
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Preview Advances in Immunology [Vol 12] - F. Dixon, H. Kunkel (AP, 1970) WW

ADVANCES I N I m m u n o l o g y V O L U M E 1 2 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME NABIH I. ABDOU KEITH J. DORRINGTON PETER DUKOR H. HEMMINCSEN B. D. KAHAN RICHARD M. KRAUSE HENRY METZCER J. RADOVICH R. A. REISFELD MAXWELL RICHTER D. W. TALMACE CHARLES TANFORD GERALD WEISSMANN ADVANCES IN Immunology E D I T E D B Y F. J. DIXON, JR. H E N R Y 6. KUNKEL Division of Experimental Pathology Scrippr Clinic and Research Foundation l a lollo, California The Rockefeller University New York, New York V O L U M E 1 2 1 9 7 0 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT @ 1970, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London WlXGBA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 61-17057 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . vii PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . xiii The Search for Antibodies with Molecular Uniformity RICHARD M. KRAUSE I. htroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11. Immunoglobulin Heterogeneity and Antibody Properties Indicative of Limited Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . 3 111. Human Antibodies with Restricted Heterogeneity . . . . . 10 IV. Experimental Generation of Antibodies with Restricted Heterogeneity . 12 V. Myeloma Protein and Paraproteins with Antibody Activity . . . 43 VI. Discussion and Summation . . . . . . . . . . 48 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Structure and Function of y M Macroglobulins HENRY METZCER I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 11. Isolation and Storage of Macroglobulins . . . . 111. Structure of Mammalian Macroglobulins . . . . IV. Subunits, Polypeptide Chains, and Proteolytic Fragments . VI. Functional Properties of Macroglobulins . . . . VII. Genetic Basis of Macroglobulin Structure . . . . VIII. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Macroglobulins . . IX. Macroglobulin-Like Proteins from Nonmammalian Species X. Role of Macroglobulins in the Immune Response . . XI. Prospects . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . V. Low Molecular Weight hlacroglobulin-Like Proteins . . . 57 . . . 59 . . . 80 . . . 73 . . . 88 . . . 89 . . . 98 . . . 100 . . . 102 . . . 104 . . . 106 . . . 108 Transplantation Antigens R. A. REISFELD AND B. D. KAHAN I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 11. Extraction and Solubilization of Transplantation Antigens . . . 119 111. Physical and Chemical Nature of Transplantation Antigens . . . 145 IV. Biological Activity of Extracted Transplantation Antigens . . . 157 V. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 VI. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 V vi CONTENTS The Role of Bone Marrow in the Immune Response NABIH 1 . ABDOU AND MAXWELL RICHTER I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . A Brief Survey of the Techniques Used for the Detection of Immuno- competent Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . I11 . Bone Marrow as a Source of Immunocompetent Cells . . . . IV . Cells Involved in the Humoral Immune Response . . . . . V . Cell Interactions Resulting in the Induction of the Immune Response . Vl . Effects of Irradiation on the Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . Bone Marrow Transplantation-Application . . . . . . X . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . Cells Involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity VIII . Cells Affected in Immunological Tolerance Cell Interaction in Antibody Synthesis D . W . TALMACE. J . RADOVICH. AND H . HEMMINGSEN I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Two Universes of Immunocompetent Cells V . Enhancing Effect of Multiple Antigenic Determinants . . . . . . I11 . The Adherent Cell . . . . . . . . . . . IV . Antigenic Competition . . . . . . . . . . . VI . Enhancing and Suppressive Effects of Passively Administered Antibody . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . Discussion and Speculations The Role of Lysosomes in Immune Responses GERALD WEISSMANN AND PETER DuKon I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Processing of Antigen by the Vacuolar System . . . . . IV . Lysosomes in Four Types of Immune Injury . . . .' . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 . Mediators of Tissue Injury Found in Lysosomes Molecular Size and Conformation of Immunoglobulins KEITH J . DORRINGTON AND CHARLES TANFORD I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Molecular Size of Immunoglobulins and Subunits . . . . . I11 . Conformation of Immunoglobulins and Subunits IV . Recovery of Native Conformation Following Chain Dissociation and Unfolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHOR INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 203 207 213 237 244 246 251 255 257 258 271 272 273 276 276 277 277 279 283 285 304 306 322 333 334 341 366 375 376 383 409 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. NABIH I. ABDOU,* The Harry Webster Thorp Laboratories, Division of lmmunochemistry and Allergy, McGill University Clinic, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ( 201) KEITH J. DORRINGTON, M . R. C. Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England ( 333) PETER DUKOR, Department of Medicine (Cell Biology and Genetics), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (283) H. HEMMINGSEN, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado (271) B. D. KAHAN, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts ( 117) RICHARD M. KRAUSE, Rockefeller University, New York, New York (1) HENRY METZGER, Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National lnstitute of Health, Bethesdu, Maryland (57) J. RAWVICH, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medi- cal Center, Denver, Colorado (271 ) R. A. REISFEW, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MaryIand (117) MAXWELL RICHTER,~ The Harry Webster Thorp Laboratories, Division of Immunochemistry and Allergy, McGill University Clinic, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ( 201 ) D. W. TALMAGE, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado (271) CHARLES TANFORD, Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medi- cal Center, Durham, North Carolina (333) GERALD WEISSMANN, Department of Medicine (Cell Biology and Ge- netics), New York University School of Medicine, New Yark, New York (283) Present address: Division of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. + Medical Research Associate, Medical Research Council, Canada. vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE The pace of immunologic research has quickened as the problems and potentialities of immunology have appealed to investigators with widely differing backgrounds. The important subjects reviewed in the twelfth volume of this serial publication represent the contributions of chemists and biologists as well as immunologists. With the increasing scope of immunology, thoughtful, authoritative summations of knowledge in rapidly developing areas have become essential if those working in this field are to stay familiar with its overall progress. We are indebted to the authors of this volume for making this possible by taking the time to share with us their expertise. The first article deals with the recently observed molecular uniformity of antibodies to bacterial carbohydrate antigens. Dr. Krause, who has initiated and carried out much of this research, discusses the practical aspects of the production of uniform antibodies and points out their potential usefulness. These molecules will play an important role in the study of the amino acid composition and topography of the antibody combining site, and by virtue of their allotypic homogeneity also should aid in the definition of the location and character of the various molecular determinants of allotypic specificity. Early sequence data from uniform rabbit antibodies already indicate significant homology in the variable regions of the human kappa and rabbit light chains, suggesting a common ancestral relationship. Finally, because of their ready detectability by physical means, uniform antibodies provide an additional means of analysis of antibody responses and the cellular and/ or genetic events involved. In the second chapter Dr. Metzger discusses in depth the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of yM antibodies, a subject to which he has contributed much. The physical characteristics, chemical composition, and subunit structure of the typical circular yM pentomers are presented, and the relationship of these molecules to low molecular weight yM-like proteins is considered, The characteristics of the interaction of yM anti- bodies with antigens, i.e., the nature and number of antigen combining sites, and the interaction of yM antibodies with the complement system are compared to the corresponding properties of yG antibodies. Finally, the biosynthesis and metabolism of yM antibodies and their peculiar role in the immune response are considered. Perhaps the major barrier to rapid achieverncnt in homotransplanta- ix

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