Advances in Immunology [Vol 03] - F. Dixon, J. Humphrey (AP, 1963) WW

412 Pages·1963·22.22 MB·English

ADVANCES IN

Immunology

EDITED BY

F. J. DIXON, 18. J. H, HUMPHREY

VOLUME 3
19638
commen Ih, ay Aesven Pas te

515 Tilt Avene, Neve Vouk 5, New Yank

Lied Kingdom Blin bled
SeADRMMIE PRES TNE (LONER TD,
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Tea oF Cones Cassie Ce Nemes MSE
UST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Sunes in justen ie pe

idk oe ven a

AK. Paasee Avera, Department o) Medicine. Harvard Medica Schoct and
Magachnaests Conceal Hostal, Byston, Macaehustie {1}

Dax H. Cannnrr, Dito] Chowshtey aud Chama Eagincoring, The
Galerie Fesitute of Feetmulogy, Pralen, Colfosnia {281

Jorma S. Carver, Dlokdon of Chambney and Chonaeal Zaghocertag, The
Goifernia Tete of Tachnalogy, Pesan, Golforss (381

Joss: H. Hesseums. Nasional dattete for Medial Mescarch, ME 18,
Londen, England (1)

MR, loves, Pittion of Genet, Undoersiny of Wivonsin, Maxton,
Wacom {315}

fess, Depurtment of Microbiology, Untveniay of Adelaide,
‘Sella, Sth useaia (51 j

DS. Nason, The Department of Beporinenal Pathology, Jen Cura
Sehoot of Mediral Reseach, ssriian Netonat Tnicerty, Ca.
‘emma, Ausra (1A)

D.R Seswwovn, Depurtewut of Popwricotal Podhology, The Medion!
Soheul, University of Mirmingham, dimingham, tnglond (181)
Ghavonra A. Srez=0s, Nepavevon! of Fatholugy, New York University

Sehoul of Medicine, New York, New Yurk (O74

WH. Srana, Dieison op Genetic, Civersty of Wirvontin, Modicon
Wiscemts (3133
PREFACE

Th third yulome of Adeoncar In Immunology appears under the
ceditaship of rank J. Dion end J. Il, Tumpbrey. the senior editor,
‘pian F, Tallafeee having clive last yea. Ga bebal of ourselves and
cof the msny reales who way fave Food the ist tu voles wee
fand stimulating wo with to rocued our gratinade to Dr. Taliaferro forthe
‘wisdom, eae, and anergy that he devoted to inating the series and 10
prodtotng the Fest volimes. Townunelogy aontinues lo deseloa sapidly
find fo-hive en iucreasng impact am Biology and medicine, Whitevcr
eubtr may have hoon expesod three years ago about the need for
Advances x Tramsmaslogy est have been alapelled by the sorption st
tus ceived and by the reudinesy with which wuthoos have been wing
to take tho Ume and teuble requied to vey tbelespeclal Hels. With
tlie enatiousd ooaperation of oor scientie collegues wad fe expert
wsistunce of Academic Prom wa foresee that the seria! publlestim
veil remain of a igh stnded for any yeare to coma,

The present volume contains four chapters conoeteed with biologi
‘Hloos of antigen antbody iteractins, The Bat, by Franke, Avaten ond
JTL Humphrey, reviews vitro studio of ameplylais $0 the several
Inadel syscans which bave been tnvestgsted during recent years, amd
tings to draw these togetber so ay to make clear the eaten to which
the underlying mechanisms fellow commen or diverges: patlerss, The
fourth chapter, in which D-IL Stanwouth summary surret hmdelge
‘af agin antibodies iv Mati wel pots forwurd ie ew wb: hove that
pecili propestios wight be eepheinal, i m 2 considerable extent
tsamplementy to the frst chapter. in the second chaptor Chater.
Stet takes up tha contizuing coanovery about whether er avt ham
tt sofection is medlated by humoral autteates, and marcbals a
ppowerfo sl of arguments sn of expurimental evidenco in favor of the
Urals fn antibodies play an ostentil part. David §, Netto, im the hid
ptr, ceviews the bistary and ewreat amorpte of immune adherence,
‘= phenameron that wat ou proves wa exceedingly santve mati tne
Aeivelng antboies bot that may have @ thers largely warewogniaad
Fmprtacce forthe destruction of septal

‘he remaining three chapters gmeor three diferent aspects af
imumunology. Dan H. Casapbell end Jutine 8, Carvey [roe the wealth oF
Les owen exzesence discuss the wely lepiel peablens uF the fine and
intraclllar peste of antigen in relation hits capacity ta provide a
concawing antigenie smal, irving 8. Stone and Maicohw #. Texin
review Ue kaetledge of blood groups i speuie iter than Mm, and
Seas oF ils gnetie fglitions Reudine who are untazaliay we, ahs
[eld way be surprise to lara how aise 2 kaos, for esanople, aban
Be bleed youps af calle. Fnaly, G8. Jenkin emslne a new apgronel
tu paraitnes base ee flat whem paraito aid ils host are
finjctant antigen eleterminants, the capacity of tho Woe gh on
‘samonologial reponse to the pusasito may 'e sxlowty seed

J conclusion we wish once agato 49 Khamk uy authors for “heir
cunperalian fue Atalemie Press Sur smuuthing the oath af the woes
san fer srrving at tho toekniculy caclleat producti for sic they
See epnted,

September, 1963 Fp Paso. fs
JL Hesaames
Jn Vitro Studies of the Mechanism of Anophylaxis

FRANK AUSTEN? AND JOHN H. Hukiaey
itr: Soren aa

1 Pharmaslgy 3
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4 cnoeigiosseies speedy USES, Mach
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a PHAR ACHTIS A3 JoUN te LURAY

‘The symptom compler exlatited doning systmde snaphylauls vanes
frum sposes to species. Dosing systemic or local enaphytanis direct
damage to 2 vazlety of eas in the body may oocer, bot am inereacing
olor uf exidlmen suggests that the main part of the sjanptom complex
is equred by the roleme of phuroscalipinly ative agente of thelr
scUvator, These materials axe eelenred from a rather small roraber of
wll types, and sei other alls or Useues are incoved they become £0,
secondary, Some of the factor: otribating to speeies variaton
fudude, the relate proportion of tho four, prosently reoogwiel
phinmcelogietly alive praets of the anaghjliele react, namely,
Hhitamioe, alow reacting ‘subxcmee, paws Kivio, ad seri. the
Darlaolar bas organ sobjcte to the highest comerntcation of these
iver, dhe wold “slack” organs ee susceptiilly or rvactciy of
hort smooth muscle and vascular erue to cach of Giese subvtanoes) the
rate at which each species drgraden them and the catont of dicot
pirtiepotinw Ty antigen-aniiboiy ommplesee. Despie the variation in
he mghylactic. symptom compos, ix terahle thes that fhe
mechanism vbercby the chemical medistors are released de very similar
fen in lifer specs.

‘Quantttive experiments vE the type aeled ¢@ xody the posi
step in tha aphylactic release of the chemical modintoe of anapiylats
‘tot be padformed ia the whole animal, However, their talaasa ia oro
fara replicate anmaples of soured tase enn br quantitated ond has
Teen tod by mumcrous workers to investigate the mocbunism of
anaphylaus. I vlre experiments ia which the tevue i thoroughly
washed pernit a stady if the maetion between avllgen and antibody
feed to Gente vathout the eomplicating presence vf feos sera factors
Te i even mova conveaiout 10 iaveatigee in city anaphylass in a
Inamogensous mnpenvcn of genital cll capable of giving detectable
veidence of Uber responce, since this eiminates non-participating coll
{types Ou the olf Ited, with each eanement ofthe da cleo tos system
ne met crert greater canton in applying the Gringy I systole
anaphlais The mere cbscrvation that eyautoxc antibody and vw or
tit preforgeanligen-antthody eanpleres ean damage or selose some
phurmucoloyied material from cells gx etre seo! evidence thal a similar
Iechaniem is impertuut for waphylinis 9 ol0o, Furthenaore, 39
Teme onaphylarie in a Gran species may involve scveral chemical
rveintrt arising fram differmot call types, an a oitro spre may
sliminate anc or more iraportant materia. With thew retvevations &
biom anophylids or, mote corecty, the antigeninduecd release of
chemical seats Seow sive or cells, ay bo 2 useful means ot
ss ernu Stumm or sear 8

svestigating the cacebuniem whorchy antigen-ansihody imteraetion pee
duces eystemie anaphylaxis,

"The to eta teva or eel systems bo be ounsidered in detail inelule
Ge: eheppod guince pig lung, the mat or gunea pig mmmeniay, the rat
peritoneal mat cell, che rabbit platelet, ad th hrm white ood oo
Dats abesined with sil aysterns in utherxprcies wil alo be included
‘elo availble, Studies with other in vita systems, such as guinea pig
ileom, mut or guinca plg utens, dog oF rabbit Ties, guinen gig, dog. oF
abbIt ei, ane guinea pig lve, sl be cuusidered only 49 the extant
Nr tie avaiable dubs cuatributs to our nedcretendig of the mechan
of amaphylais, Cytomain seremy-—tinmone hemolysis or the Tpit uf
ssftes nimor cells by untibody against a cell sucface crmstitucat andl
‘oumplemen—wdl be considered only for prpneae of enmparion, snc
te dene of the complement qiem hue rereatly been revise by
MM. Mayer (19% 19614) and by Osler (1861), "Theze is no convincing
‘evidence one way ofthe other tht eytotase reactions are relly aulable
anodel, for anaphylaxis. Comploment will agaiy be consdeem! in the
‘sion uty serom futons i suaplylasisy thie accion sl leo ince
anaphyltocin and antigee-anibody accivated serum enzyine activities,
Tannielogien! readtont da tsoe culture wil not be viewed. Stadion
‘with chemical istunine or serotonin resosers will not be ilu since
there axe data wah he gulaea pig hang (Mongar snd Sehid, 1957a
Yarasild a al, 1860) soul eablat platelet [implrey and Jaques,
13055) tut point ont important dierences between histamine rclaaso by
the paucthenypbouyl-ctiymcthylamine aud formaldchyde condenoetian
pod (45/80) and by antigen, In sytaux Inveling the zat mast vel
‘the stanley between Bistucuine relewwe by 48/0 al by antigen i
soneidarable (Hogherg and Uvnas, 1980), ‘The limits ant For this eexiow
renlt fram aur wish t0evalaie data sletly pertinent to the mechanism
of anaphlanis in vero, Avcudingly, studies on the varicty of pare
‘mphylsoti (anaphylaeraid) phanomera wail be largely neglected

afore procooding toa tile enaideraten of aphasia,
cyl be deccasaey fo review bricly the chucttersie of tho pharma
cologion matarals uiod ss ‘adicstox of this reaction, We shall also
‘consider the i too evidence for tho selase of thesa materials dunlag
‘phyla,

1. Phamecslogy

A. Haver
Hisarainc Hau bom of grout interest to workets ia the feld of
snaphylivis noo Dale and Lafdlow (1510) snd Dale (1929) pointed
4 FRAO AUSTEN 400 JOR RENCE

tat the many resemblances, and sume differences, between its fects
and thase of anaphylaris m the guinea pig. In 199, direct evidence wat
brevet that i cou De cleaved Fron litsve se vir o7 8 elea by 3H
naphylactic rovction (lurtosch of ah, 183% Duygsudt amd Gobaver-
Todlnegg, 1802). Listemine is widely distibuted in momalisr taruc
(ekiherg, 1956) Tt the ennenteation in a given organ she grea
species varitin. Much of the Hssue items te eons im et
cols (Riley and West, 153, 1NS5|. ‘The histamine content per mast

Coll hone suprising samy fn warm Hy a tated i Table

ABLE 1

Spee Wann
Ini ions

1a Ine eape

Cbs tin Soo

at tele eae)

I swhick summarizes the data Lean several groupe of investigators
CCasbam and her acoeiaes (1958). hase! on mart ces omy and fot
ane Bietomine analyes, caneluded that We Bitamine connint of “he
dag mast vell rangi foom T Uo 20 wig, whereas thal of Une bool lives
capone eat ell ns 32 pay. over ul Chakravary (3040, sig
ww stalar muthod, rupard te the histanise ooitent oF xurew BE
rust cols ranged from 21 to 24 wug. Tho histumie contest uf Ssulated,
Za peroneal mast oell ranged foom 10 to 20 yug. to the expesiments
Of Hamaghrey ef of LB8E), whereat Archer (1900) repunted a vate
oF 0 ms,

Tae matt oele, which are located mainky ia oomneetive titer in
zehtvn to Blood vowels (Tiley, 1983}, are ao the ouly ells euctuiniog
Hiramine. itazine bas beca (ound ia platelets ((lumphrey and
Jaques, 1955} aed in basopikn lewcoeytas (Varssdel et al, 165);
Fatarane is paeamt im Wig qoneentration ii feial Thee (Kab,
oq) and a the parcial el ceyion of the stommoh (Feliborg, 1956)
ree though ait cols ore virtually absent feem theso latte sites.
eis of intrest thal in the rab at least, the Aistamine that seas in
sage eos eles by 45/80, wheres that fact ell eres swe
fie thy fundus and dtdenam 6 not (Mots ot ef, 1666). logardess
ff whither ew Uesue Wali iy gnolatned fa tal get iis
Formed from irhiseidine (Schuur, 1960). Schuyer (1000) hus recently
presente evidence that histidine docarbowsluse im tasues not nocosearly
2s Png 9st 04 ANAUSLARtE 5

rich iu must cule inercases In aetty in response to. varity uf stil,
Schager refers to the peodiet of this “wluptive form” of enzyme
sot ¢$ inde histurnine to ditiaguich i fom the enved iste
OF the miu colle and muggens that thie dural hihi is Summed
by vascular endathetum ant may be am ponte intinie regulator
ff the mieoecrealny ysie

Some ef the eteblisled phirmsoological effect of hstrmaine Saluda
capsliry vvaudiatation vith ducreseed perwesbiliy, benDctiolir wal
ther smooth muscle constriction, am slomvlaton of the glad of
ssoerine sectotion. Despite thie diverse astvity and the wideepioad,
Aistriation of histamine, the physiological ignlcanos of ty material
is sal obseure. Tha evidanoe lat parity. cel stimulation is w physio-
Jogial fonction uF hitamine bas been sunisatized by Cody {1958%,
Winlan (2860) las conclude Unt 2 is dovblul beer hisbuuive
plige w mle in the reyslutin uf Hlood How ducug reustive of post
fscicise hyperrala: sad Mice (3959) is not convinecd that histamine is
inary sexponsible for the inevrased capillary parmeablity of in
Hovonation. Reveal, Kabioa (1060) Ins suggest Out histusiae is
connceted with ansbulie events sada as growth, Guvslopment, and
epi

Bi. Stow Rescase Suara

‘The tern “slow senoling substonee” (SRS) refers to material or
rautednls at contact smooth music, usually guinea pir ileum, mcos
slowly than istaaine on seatyleboling, Feldberg aud Kellaway (1058)
Incduoe! thls tam 1a dpede e sdbtanae ableton Fre lyn ring
pert sth cuba venom, ond 2 youre Inter, in 1010, Kelley ena
‘Trethewie (YMO) eepacted the prescuco of 2 sila: material ia the
fluent cllsted dozing aptfutie shock of the peefued gine gig
Tag The evidence for the presence of e cow revting matezis] +o
fleet aul lawel on He cbserallon that the olluant caused a move
inlonged eontaction of the guise pig dew nua dal isuanve whe.
iy JARS. Procklehurst (1955, 196), asing anthistomines 10 abolish
the reponse oF the eur to hsamine, presente alret and conclusive
cevidince for the uuphylstic release of slow reaaling material from
fuloen pig luog, This eavterid us toned SAGA to indicate that st
‘Wat cbttined am a comequence of angen-autbudy icmctioa,

"The chemical properties of Uke slow sescting maturial predvcad in
spuinca pig Img by the laithinawe A's sabes venom are consistent with
those of am unatazite fatty wud ( Vogt. 1056) Tlie material eased rome
grins ig bing by cnapkylans bas not been charsctadzed chemically