Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 267 Jussi Ilari Kantola Salman Nazir Vesa Salminen Editors Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Leadership Proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Virtual Conferences on Human Factors, Business Management and Society, and Human Factors in Management and Leadership, July 25–29, 2021, USA Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Volume 267 Series Editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Advisory Editors Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA, SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering—FEEC,UniversityofCampinas— UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, KIOSResearchCenterforIntelligentSystemsandNetworks,UniversityofCyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest developmentsinNetworksandSystems—quickly,informallyandwithhighquality. Originalresearchreportedin proceedings andpost-proceedings represents thecore ofLNNS. VolumespublishedinLNNSembraceallaspectsandsubfieldsof,aswellasnew challenges in, Networks and Systems. The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks, spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics,SocialSystems,EconomicSystemsandother.Ofparticularvaluetoboth the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid dissemination of research output. Theseriescoversthetheory,applications,andperspectivesonthestateoftheart andfuturedevelopmentsrelevanttosystemsandnetworks,decisionmaking,control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary andappliedsciences,engineering,computerscience,physics,economics,social,and lifesciences,aswellastheparadigmsandmethodologiesbehindthem. Indexed by SCOPUS, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179 Jussi Ilari Kantola Salman Nazir (cid:129) (cid:129) Vesa Salminen Editors Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Leadership Proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Virtual Conferences on Human Factors, Business Management and Society, and Human Factors in Management and Leadership, – July 25 29, 2021, USA 123 Editors JussiIlari Kantola Salman Nazir Department ofMechanical andMaterials Institute of Maritime Operations Engineering University of South-Eastern Norway University of Turku Borre, Norway TURKU, Finland Vesa Salminen Häme University of AppliedSciences Hämeenlinna,Finland ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic) Lecture Notesin Networks andSystems ISBN978-3-030-80875-4 ISBN978-3-030-80876-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80876-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense toSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2021 AHFE 2021 Series Editors Tareq Z. Ahram, Florida, USA Waldemar Karwowski, Florida, USA 12th InternationalConferenceonAppliedHuman FactorsandErgonomicsandthe Affiliated Conferences (AHFE 2021) Proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Virtual Conferences on Human Factors, Business ManagementandSociety,andHumanFactorsinManagementandLeadership,July 25–29, 2021, USA. AdvancesinNeuroergonomicsandCognitive HasanAyaz,UmerAsgherandLucas Engineering Paletta AdvancesinIndustrialDesign CliffSungsooShin,GiuseppeDi Bucchianico,ShuichiFukuda, Yong-GyunGhim,GianniMontagna andCristinaCarvalho AdvancesinErgonomicsinDesign FranciscoRebelo AdvancesinSafetyManagementandHuman PedroM.ArezesandRonaldL.Boring Performance AdvancesinHumanFactorsandErgonomicsin JayKalra,NancyJ.LightnerandRedha HealthcareandMedicalDevices Taiar AdvancesinSimulationandDigitalHuman JuliaL.Wright,DanielBarber,Sofia Modeling ScataglinandSudhakarL.Rajulu AdvancesinHumanFactorsandSystem IsabelL.Nunes Interactions AdvancesintheHumanSideofService ChristineLeitner,WalterGanz,Debra Engineering SatterfieldandClaraBassano AdvancesinHumanFactors,Business JussiIlariKantola,SalmanNazirand ManagementandLeadership VesaSalminen AdvancesinHumanFactorsinRobots,Unmanned MatteoZallio,CarlosRaymundoIbañez SystemsandCybersecurity andJesusHechavarriaHernandez (continued) v vi AdvancesinHumanFactorsandErgonomics2021 (continued) AdvancesinHumanFactorsinTraining, SalmanNazir,TareqZ.Ahramand Education,andLearningSciences WaldemarKarwowski AdvancesinHumanAspectsofTransportation NevilleStanton AdvancesinArtificialIntelligence,Softwareand TareqZ.Ahram,WaldemarKarwowski SystemsEngineering andJayKalra AdvancesinHumanFactorsinArchitecture, JerzyCharytonowicz,AlicjaMaciejko SustainableUrbanPlanningandInfrastructure andChristianneS.Falcão AdvancesinPhysical,Social&Occupational RavindraS.Goonetilleke,Shuping Ergonomics Xiong,HenrijsKalkis,ZenijaRoja, WaldemarKarwowskiandAtsuo Murata AdvancesinManufacturing,Production StefanTrzcielinski,BeataMrugalska, ManagementandProcessControl WaldemarKarwowski,EmilioRossiand MassimoDiNicolantonio AdvancesinUsability,UserExperience,Wearable TareqZ.AhramandChristianneS. andAssistiveTechnology Falcão AdvancesinCreativity,Innovation, EvangelosMarkopoulos,RavindraS. EntrepreneurshipandCommunicationofDesign Goonetilleke,AmicG.HoandYan Luximon AdvancesinHumanDynamicsforthe DanielRaposo,NunoMartinsand DevelopmentofContemporarySocieties DanielBrandão Preface Thisbookprovidesresearchersandpractitionersaforumtoshareresearchandbest practices in the application of human factors in business management and leadership.Justashumanfactorshavebeenappliedtohardware,software,andthe builtenvironment,thereisnowagrowinginterestinthemanagementpracticesand learning experiences. Principles of behavioral and cognitive science are extremely relevant to the design of instructional content and the effective application of technology to deliver the appropriate managerial and leadership experience. These principles and best practices are important in corporate, higher education, and military environments. This book also aims to share and transfer not just knowledge, but share best leadershipandmanagementsciencepracticesthatisofrealvalueinpracticalterms —value that can help leaders ensure their organizations stay ahead of the compe- tition through continued innovation, strong competitive advantage, and inspired leadership. Atotalofsixsectionsarepresentedinthisbook.Eachsectioncontainsresearch papers that have been reviewed by members of the International Editorial Board. Human Factors, Business Management and Society 1. Business Excellence 2. Business Management and Society: Business and Industry 3. Business Management and Society: Competences and Innovation Management and Leadership 4. Human Technology Approach to Governance 5. Human Factors in Work Environments 6. Human Behavior in Organizational Context vii viii Preface Business Management and Leadership N. Baporikar, India T. Barath, Hungary C. Barsky, USA R. Batko, Poland R. DeCoster, UK S. Glazek, Poland W. Grudzewski, Poland I. Hejduk, Poland T. Kesting, Germany M. Kitada, Sweden Y. Kurata , Philippines K. Makino, Japan A. Meszaros, Hungary M. Nowak, Poland S. Pickl, Germany M. Pillay, Australia A. Rucinski, USA A. Szopa, Poland P. Vilarinho, Portugal T. Winkler, Poland Business Management and Society T. Barath, Hungary A. Bikfalvi, Spain J. Bilbao, Spain Y. Chang, Korea J. Einolander, Finland T. Eklund, Finland P. Helo, Finland H. Kalkis, Latvia C. Makatsoris, UK E. Markopoulos, Greece M. Naaranoja, Finland P. Odrakiewicz, Poland T. Reunanen, Finland A. Segev, South Korea A. Sivula, Finland H. Vanharanta, Finland/Poland July 2021 Jussi Ilari Kantola Salman Nazir Vesa Salminen Contents Business Excellence Startups Born Out of Academia: Structural Pattern of Monetization Failures, Rectified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Kjartan Hauge, Jukka Rantala, and Timo Holopainen From Globalization Towards Localization in Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Jukka Rantala, Henri Untinen, Maria Yllikäinen, and Timo Holopainen Sales Professionalism – A Practice Theory Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Krista Holopainen, Jukka Rantala, and Timo Holopainen Future Investor Habits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Jukka Rantala, Maria Yllikäinen, Juuso Turklin, and Timo Holopainen Business Management and Society: Business and Industry Ecosystem-Based Development in the Transition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Heikki Ruohomaa, Vesa Salminen, and Jussi Kantola Business Model Innovation in Energy Businesses: Driving Factors, Trends and Implications for the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Shah Rukh Shakeel and Arto Rajala Addressing Financial Barriers Influencing the Adoption of Solar PV: The Role of Business Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Hassan Yousaf, Shah Rukh Shakeel, Arto Rajala, and Zeeshan Raza COVID-19 in Relation to Business and Management: A Bibliometric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Jorge Cruz-Cárdenas, Jorge Guadalupe-Lanas, Carlos Ramos-Galarza, Nora H. Oleas, Laura Salazar, and Raquel Proaño-Guerrero ix