Advances in Energy Materials PDF
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Advances in Material Research and Technology Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Editor Advances in Energy Materials Advances in Material Research and Technology Series Editor Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies, Physics Department, Isra University, Amman, Jordan ThisSeriescoverstheadvancesanddevelopmentsinawiderangeofmaterialssuch as energy materials, optoelectronic materials, minerals, composites, alloys and compounds, polymers, green materials, semiconductors, polymers, glasses, nano- materials, magnetic materials, superconducting materials, high temperature mate- rials, environmental materials, Piezoelectric Materials, ceramics, and fibers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16426 Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Editor Advances in Energy Materials 123 Editor ShadiaJamil Ikhmayies Jabal El-Hussain Amman, Jordan ISSN 2662-4761 ISSN 2662-477X (electronic) Advances in MaterialResearch andTechnology ISBN978-3-030-50107-5 ISBN978-3-030-50108-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50108-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Energymaterialsarethosematerialsthatcanbeusedinanytechnologytoproduce, enhance,generate,convert,transmit,utilize,orstoreenergy.Theyincludematerials used in photovoltaics, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectrics, hydro- gentechnologies,andphasechangematerials.Energymaterialsarekeyroadblocks to improve performance in a number of important energy technologies including energystorageinbatteriesandsupercapacitors,andenergyconversionthroughsolar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric devices. Since energy is a key issue of the modern society, and the world-wide demand for energy is growing, this great challengecanbemeetbyusingsustainable,efficient,andrenewableenergysources. Hence, the development of energy materials is necessary for the development of energy production, conversion, transmission, and storage technologies. That is, without continuous advancement of energy materials and developments of new ones, it is not possible to increase the performance of energy technologies. So, continuous research is necessary to accelerate the advances in energy materials, to haveenergytechnologiesofhigherperformanceandlowercost,andtoincreasethe efficiency andimprove thesustainability ofenergy systems. This book presents recent research on energy materials from various aspects, synthesis of energy materials to energy storage devices, focusing on materials that can potentially be used in the production of solar cells. It discusses in detail the latest synthetic methods, processes, characterization methods, and applications of materialslikeperovskitematerials,metalsulfides,metaloxides,nanomaterials,and phase change materials. The book contains nine chapters which include funda- mentalandrecentappliedresearchonthedesignofdifferentenergymaterialsused in different forms of renewable energy conversion, harvesting, storage, and uti- lization. Materials scientists, chemists, physicists, materials and renewable energy engineers,peopleinindustry,inadditiontograduateandundergraduatestudentsin physics, chemistry, and different branches of engineering will benefit from this book. This book supplies the reader with the basic knowledge of applied research andinnovationandprovideswiththerelevantinformationonthematerialsusedin energy technologies, including background information on the technology itself. v vi Preface Thefirstthreechaptersofthebooksharearelationshipwiththematerialsthatare usedinthemanufactureofsolarcells.Thefirstchapterentitled“StudiesonSynthesis andVariousCharacteristicsofGreenMaterialsforEnergyConversionApplications” byRanjanaJhaetal.focusesonthegreenmaterials,wherevariousgreenmaterials andtheirsynthesistechniqueshavebeendiscussedindetails.Theprimaryfocusof thischapteristousegreenmaterialsforenergydevices.Thesecondchapterentitled “Advancement in CdIn Se /CdTe Based Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells” by 2 4 SubhashChanderdealswiththepreparationofcadmiumindiumchalcogenidethin filmsfromaqueousmediumbythesimpleandcost-effectivespraypyrolysismethod, and the consequent use of the produced films in heterojunction solar cell applica- tions. The third chapter entitled “Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique” by M. S. Aida and S. Hariech describes the usefulness of chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique—which is a low cost method—to pro- duce high quality thin films of cadmium sulfide for large-scale applications. The fundamentalsofCBDweredescribedwithemphasisongrowthmechanismsandthe influence ofkey parameters on thefilms. Thefourthchapterentitled“DevelopmentoftheConceptofaSpheroidalShape Anode for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell” by Bogdan Vasyliv and Viktoriya Podhurska presents a calculation of stress and strain distributions in the YSZ–NiO spheroidal shape anode-substrate for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) under the pressure of an operatingenvironmentusing thefiniteelement analysis.Theauthorscomparedthe features of the spheroidal shape anode with those of the cylindrical shape anode. They also suggested the radii ranges for the cylindrical and spheroidal parts of the anode ensuring its improved deformation resistance and more uniform stress distribution. The next two chapters share a relationship with nanomaterials based photo- voltaics. The fifth chapter entitled “Advances in Nano-Materials Used in Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems” by Ali H. A. Al-Waeli and Hussein A. Kazem presents classifications of PV/T systems, principles, and performance. The chapter provides a case study of three different PV/T systems which are; nanofluid and nano-phase change material (nano-PCM) based PV/T, a water-based PV/T with a PCM tank, and water-based PV/T with water tank. The findings show overall improvement in thermophysical properties as nanoparticles are added to the base fluid (water) and phase change material (PCM). Moreover, highest performance is attributed to the nanofluid and nano-PCM based PV/T system. The sixth chapter entitled“SiQuantumDotsforNext-GenerationSolarEnergyHarvester”byMrinal Dutta focuses on the progress and growth of Si quantum dots (QDs) based pho- tovoltaicdeviceswiththesynthesistechniquesaswellasthebroadrangeemission properties of these Si QDs. The author discussed the issues related to p-type and n-type doping of these QDs, reported the performances of several photovoltaic devices,anddiscussedseveralroutesforoptimizingtheperformanceoftheseSiQD cells. Theseventhandeighthchaptersarerelatedtoperovskitematerialsandtheiruse in energy harvesting and energy storage. The seventh chapter entitled “Progress in GrowthandDevelopmentofPerovskite SingleCrystals andTheir PotentialUsein Preface vii the Future Devices” by Mrinal Dutta and Aishik Basu Mallick provides recent research and elaborated discussion on the growth of perovskite single crystals by different growth techniques, and the fascinating properties of these perovskites single crystals. In addition, the authors focus on the applications of these single crystals in energy harvesting and high energy radiation detection. The eighth chapterentitled“PerovskiteOxidesasAdvancedEnergyMaterialsforSolidOxide Fuel Cell and Supercapacitor Applications” by P. Muhammed Shafi presents a detailed explanation of the crystallographic structures and physiochemical proper- ties of the ABO -type perovskite oxides (where A and B are cations of different 3 atomicandmassnumbers).Itfocusesontheapplicationstowardanionicaswellas cationic storage mechanism for the supercapacitor electrodes and towards all the three components (cathode, anode, and electrolyte) of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Finally, the ninth chapter entitled “Phase Change Materials” by Rabab Jarrar discusses the main types of Phase change materials (PCMs) with their advantages and disadvantages. It presents some of the efforts made to overcome the disad- vantagesduringthelastthreedecadesandthosemadetoimprovetheirperformance and to demonstrate their most common thermal applications. Amman, Jordan Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Contents Studies on Synthesis and Various Characteristics of Green Materials for Energy Conversion Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ranjana Jha, Medha Bhushan, and Rekha Bhardwaj Advancement in CdIn Se /CdTe Based Photoelectrochemical 2 4 Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Subhash Chander Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 M. S. Aida and S. Hariech Development of the Concept of a Spheroidal Shape Anode for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Bogdan Vasyliv and Viktoriya Podhurska Advances in Nano-Materials Used in Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Ali H. A. Al-Waeli and Hussein A. Kazem Si Quantum Dots for Next-Generation Solar Energy Harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Mrinal Dutta Progress in Growth and Development of Perovskite Single Crystals and Their Potential Use in the Future Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Mrinal Dutta and Aishik Basu Mallick PerovskiteOxidesasAdvancedEnergyMaterialsforSolidOxideFuel Cell and Supercapacitor Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 P. Muhammed Shafi Phase Change Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Rabab Jarrar ix Studies on Synthesis and Various Characteristics of Green Materials for Energy Conversion Applications RanjanaJha,MedhaBhushan,andRekhaBhardwaj Abstract Energyhasbecomeoneofthemajorconcernsofthetwenty-firstcentury because of the social progress and development in human standard of living. The requirement for energy is increasing constantly, even though conventional combustion-based energy will keep on playing a leading role in gathering our demands in near future. The impending scarcity, rising price and increasing envi- ronmentalpollutionoffossilfuelsareapproachinghumanstobuildupsustainable, low-cost and clean energy. Sustainable development is integrity of multidiscipline thought combining social, environmental and economical aspects to build a live- ablehumansystem.Thesustainabledevelopmentcanbedonebysynthesizinggreen materials. Green materials hold exceptional physical and chemical properties and arefoundinnatureinplenty,non-toxicandcost-effective.Thischapterfocuseson greenmaterialsoriginatingfromtheprinciplestoreduceoreliminatethehazardous substances in synthesis of chemical products. At fundamental level, researches in greenmaterialscreatealternativestoconventionalmaterialsorprocessthatpresent an ecological benefit. So, it deals with the description of cost-effective and low- temperature-basedsynthesiswhichinvolveshandlingofnon-toxicelements.Green materialscanbeusefulforavarietyoffieldssuchasinscienceandtechnologyfor energy, construction of buildings, pollution management, engineering applications and materials science. Green materials can be synthesized with the aim of energy production. · · · Keywords Sustainabledevelopment Greenmaterials Synthesis · Characteristics Cleanenergy B R.Jha( ) ResearchLabforEnergySystems,DepartmentofPhysics,NetajiSubhasUniversityof Technology,NewDelhi110078,India e-mail:[email protected] M.Bhushan·R.Bhardwaj ResearchLabforEnergySystems,DepartmentofPhysics,NetajiSubhasInstituteofTechnology, UniversityofDelhi,NewDelhi110078,India ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1 S.J.Ikhmayies(ed.),AdvancesinEnergyMaterials, AdvancesinMaterialResearchandTechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50108-2_1
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