Advances in Energy and Combustion: Safety and sustainability PDF
Preview Advances in Energy and Combustion: Safety and sustainability
Green Energy and Technology Ashwani K. Gupta · Ashoke De · Suresh K. Aggarwal · Abhijit Kushari · Akshai K. Runchal Editors Advances in Energy and Combustion Safety and sustainability Green Energy and Technology Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scientificresearchandnoveltechnicalsolutions.ThemonographseriesGreenEnergy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approachesto“green”—i.e.environmentallyfriendlyandsustainable—technologies. Whileafocus liesonenergy and power supply,italsocovers "green" solutionsin industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology addressesresearchers,advancedstudents,technicalconsultantsaswellasdecision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans from instructionaltohighlytechnical. **IndexedinScopus**. **IndexedinEiCompendex**. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8059 · · Ashwani K. Gupta Ashoke De · · Suresh K. Aggarwal Abhijit Kushari Akshai K. Runchal Editors Advances in Energy and Combustion Safety and sustainability Editors AshwaniK.Gupta AshokeDe DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering UniversityofMaryland IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur CollegePark,MD,USA Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India SureshK.Aggarwal AbhijitKushari DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrial DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering Engineering IndianInstituteofTechnology UniversityofIllinoisatChicago Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India Chicago,IL,USA AkshaiK.Runchal AnalyticandComputationalResearch,Inc. LosAngeles,CA,USA ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic) GreenEnergyandTechnology ISBN978-981-16-2647-0 ISBN978-981-16-2648-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2648-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Theamountofenergyusedworldwideissignificant,withmorethan500quadsof energy per year. Most of the propulsion and power systems use liquid fuels repre- senting 19 million barrels of liquid fuel per day alone in the USA and about 5 times more this amount worldwide. The development of environmentally benign and sustainable energy sources that drive the society and industry continues to be animportantfundamentalchallengeforengineersandscientists.Theknownavail- ablefossilfuelresourcesarerapidlydepleting,andasaresult,thereisanincreased emphasis on developing renewable and alternative energy sources in a sustainable manner.Inthenear-term,fossilfuelsareexpectedtoremainthemaindriverofour economyandinfrastructureastheyofferdispatchabilityandhighenergydensity.We haveseencontinuedimprovementsinfossilfuelutilizationfordifferenttechnologies overthepastcentury.Currenttechnologiesusingfossilfuelsforenergyarealsorecog- nizedascontributingtoglobalwarming,degradingoftheenvironment,andaburden ontheeconomywithextensivecleanupcosts.Greenhousegasemissionsareknownto besignificantcontributortoclimatechange,risingglobaltemperatures,andlasting impact on the protective ozone layer. The consequent increase in global average temperatures, melting of glaciers, and sea-level rise are now serious threats to the humansociety’sverycoreofexistence.Simultaneously,ourrequirementsforenergy needs continue to grow due to the considerable growth of the human population indevelopingcountriesandincreasinglivingstandardsintheemergingeconomies. Thismeansthattheaveragepercapitaenergyusewillonlyincreasesubstantiallyin thecomingdecades,withfossilfuelstoremainimportantmajorsourcesofenergy forallindustrialandpowerapplicationsthroughdirectcombustionoffuels.Society urgentlyneedssafe,sustainable,transportable,andmoreefficientenergysourcesfor variousindustrialanddomesticneedsataffordablecosts. Theworldpopulationhasreachedover7.8billionandisprojectedtoincreaseby more than 25% to 9.9 billion by 2050. The worldwide energy supply in 2019 was about170,000TWh,or580quads(quadrillionsBTU),andisexpectedtoincrease to815quadsby2040.PerIEA,ifwecontinuealongthecurrentpath,withoutany additionalpolicychanges,theenergydemandwillriseby1.3%peryearupto2040.If thepolicyintentionsandtargetsstatedbymajorenergyusernationsareimplemented, v vi Preface thisenergydemandratecoulddecreaseto1%peryear.Whileconsiderableprogress isbeingmadetoshifttorenewableenergysources,fossilfuelsareexpectedtoprovide 75%oftheworld’senergyin2040.Whiletheenvironmentisalreadyunderstress, eitherof thesescenarios places asignificant additional burden ontheenvironment with a somewhat slower rise in emissions but still far short of sustainability and safety. Therefore, we urgently need a sustainable development scenario that maps out a way to meet energy demand goals, requiring rapid and widespread changes acrossallenergysectors.Thecurrentandforeseeablecleanenergytechnologiesare not likely to provide the answer. We need new and innovative technologies with improved efficiency tomeettheParisAgreement’s goals bycontrollingtherisein globaltemperaturestowellbelow2°Candpursuingeffortstolimititto1.5°Cand meet global objectives cost-effective energy access and cleaner air. The spectrum oftheworld’senergyneedsrequiresmultiplesolutions.Reductioninemissions(in particularCO andparticulates)mustbeachievedfromallkindsofgas,liquid,and 2 solid fuel use. The dispatchable technologies provide efficient and cost-effective energysolutionsinallenergy-usingsectors. An international forum to discuss the challenges outlined above was started in 2004,focusingoncombustion,power,andpropulsiontechnologiesusingdifferent kindsoffuelsavailabletous.Overtheyears,ithasevolvedintoannualinternational workshopsonSustainableEnergy,PowerandPropulsion(ISEPP),whichprovidea broadframeworkofinternationalcollaborationsandshareideasaboutresearchand developments related to cleaner and efficient utilization of energy sources and to developsustainablealternativeandrenewableenergytechnologies.The11thwork- shop in this series was held from February 24 to 26, 2020, at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. The workshop’s objectives were to promote inter- national collaborations and disseminate knowledge related to safe and sustainable energy initiatives and technology development. The workshop attracted over 100 participants from different academic and research organizations and representa- tives from governments, industry, and academia. Many world-renowned scientists andresearchers fromJapan,Malaysia,Thailand,Saudi Arabia,theUK,USA,and India presented their latest research and development findings and shared ideas, informal talks and informal technical exchanges. The TEQIP (Ministry of Human Resource Development, India),theDefense Research andDevelopment Organiza- tion(DRDO),India,TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),USA,andtheOffice ofNavalResearch(ONR)Globalsponsoredtheworkshop.Itwasco-sponsoredby industries,severalleadingresearchorganizations,anduniversities,includingBegell House Publishers, Springer/Springer Nature Publishers, Siemens, TSI, Inc., ACRi LosAngeles,NITKurukshetra,IITKanpur,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark, andtheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago.Theeditorswishtoexpresstheirsincere thankstothefaculty,staff,andstudentsatIITKanpurfortheiroutstandingsupport andwarmhospitalitytoallparticipantsatthisinternationalworkshop. Thisresearchmonographprovidesawealthofknowledgeonthelatestresearch and development presented by the eminent scientists and engineers at the work- shop.Thebroadthemeofthemonographisenergy,combustion,power,safety,and sustainability.Thechaptersaregroupedintosixsections:PropulsionSystems,Fuels, Preface vii Flames,andReactingSystems,CombustionSystems,Fires,andSustainableEnergy Technologies.Thesechaptersdealwithprototypesystemsusingstate-of-the-artdiag- nosticandanalytictechniques.Eachchapteriswrittenbyarenownedinternational authority in the field of study. Several chapters deal with specific design aspects. Incontrast,theothersdealwithnovelconceptsusingalternativeenergysourcesfor improvedperformanceofnextgenerationofadvancedpowerandpropulsionsystems, withdueconsiderationstotheemissionofvarioustracepollutants,suchaspolycyclic aromatichydrocarbons(PAH),dioxins,furans,NOx,unburnthydrocarbons,carbon monoxide,carbon,andparticulates.Thecontributionsofcutting-edgeresearchand developmenttechnologiesshouldbeofparamountinteresttoresearchersandengi- neersworkingonsafeandsustainableenergytechnologiesinacademiaandindustry. Wehopethebookprovestobeanassettothoseworkingincombustionandclean energy. CollegePark,USA AshwaniK.Gupta Kanpur,India AshokeDe Chicago,USA SureshK.Aggarwal Kanpur,India AbhijitKushari LosAngeles,USA AkshaiK.Runchal Introduction ThisbookisevolvedfromtheInternationalWorkshoponEnergy,Environmentand MultiphaseFlowsheldatIITKanpurduringFebruary24–26,2020,withthesponsor- shipfromtheOfficeofNavalResearchGlobal(ONRGlobal),USNationalScience Foundation(NSF),TEQUIP(India),DefenseResearchandDevelopmentOrganiza- tion(India),BegellHousePublishers,Springer/SpringerNaturePublishers,Siemens, andTSIInc.Theworkshopwasco-sponsoredbyIITKanpur,UniversityofMary- land College Park, USA, the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, and Analytic andComputationalResearchInc.(ACRI)LosAngeles,USA.Thisworkshoprepre- sented the 11th International Workshop on the Broad Theme of Energy, Power, andPropulsion,withthefirstworkshopin2004.Overtheyears,theworkshophas grownintoaworld-classforumforsustainablefuels,energy,power,andpropulsion, focusingoncleanenergyproductionandutilization.Thisvolumeisfocusedonfuels, combustion,energy,safety,andsustainabilityrepresentingmanyareasofengineering importance in energy, power, and propulsion. The Chief Guest at the workshop was Dr. Satish Kumar, Director of National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana,India,whoprovidedawealthofinformationfromhisrich,extensiveprior experiences in various leadership positions at Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India. Renowned international authorities delivered some 28 invited lectures in their specific expertise on the various topics covered at the workshop.Twenty-fourtopicsonadvancesinenergyandcombustion,emphasizing safetyandsustainabilityfromtheselectedauthorities,weredelivered.Subsequently, they contributed a chapter on their topic, which are included in this book. This bookisaimedatresearchersworkinginenergyconversion,waste,pollutioncontrol, modeling,diagnostics,fluidmechanics,heattransfer,biofuelsproduction,andenergy sustainabilityandsafety.Thisbookshouldalsobenefitthedesignanddevelopment engineers of power plant equipment and managers from industry and government ix x Introduction withthelatestscientificdevelopmentsreportedonsafeandsustainableuseoffossil fuels,biofuels,andlow-gradefuelsinspecificapplications. AshwaniK.Gupta AshokeDe SureshK.Aggarwal AbhijitKushari AkshaiK.Runchal
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