Advances in Cryogenic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1961 Cryogenic Engineering Conference University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan August 15–17, 1961

591 Pages·1962·39.782 MB·English

by  E. F. Westrum Jr. (auth.), K. D. Timmerhaus (eds.)

Vol. 7
Advances in
Cryogenic
Engineering
Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 7
A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Publicafion
Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 7
Proceedings of the 1961
Cryogenic Engineering Conference
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
August 15-17,1961
K. D. TIMMERHAUS, Editor
Chemical Engineering Department
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Distributed by
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
1962
Library oj Congress Catalog Card Nurnber: 57-35598
ISBN 978-1-4757-0533-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-0531-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0531-7
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD. • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................... x
1961 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE. • • • • . • x
INVITED PAPERS
A- 1 Application of Cryogenic Calorimetry to Solid State Chemistry, E. F.
Westrum, jr., University of Michigan. . • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . • • 1
A-2 Cryogenic Liquids in the Absence of Gravity, T. Li, General
Dynamics/A stronautics. . . • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • . • . • • • . • • • . • 16
A-3 Operation Foresight-Bureau of Mines Program of Helium Con-
servation and Research, H. P. Wheeler, jr., U. S. Bureau of Mines 24
A-4 The Application of Gas-Lubricated Bearings to a Miniature Helium
Expansion Turbine, B. W. Birmingham, H. Sixsmith, and W. A.
Wilson, CEL National Bureau of Standards... • • • • • . • • • . . • . • 30
SP ACE SIMULATION
B-1 The Applications of Cryogenic Engineering to Space Environment
Simulation, L. B. Nesbitt, General Electric Company • • • • • • • . . • 43
B-2 General Cryopumping Study, E. S. j. Wang, j. A. Collins, jr., and
J. D. Haygood, ARO, Inc. • . • . • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • . • • • • • • 44
B-3 Cold Diffusion Pump, j. D. Haygood, j. E. Nichols, and E. S. j. Wang,
ARO, Inc...... . • . . . . • • . . • • • . • . • • . • • . • . . • • • • . . • • • 57
B-4 Correlation Between Pumping Speed and Cryoplate Geometry, C. B.
Barnes, jr. and C. B. Hood, Jr. j. G. Pierce & Associates, Ltd. • • • 64
B-5 A Cryogenic Hypersonic Low-Density Wind Tunnel, B. D. Henshall
and E.M. Brower, AVCO Corporation.................... 73
B-6 Cryopumping Rocket Exhaust Products at High Throughputs and Low
Pressure, R. 0. Barkdoll and J. W. Anderson, General Dynamics/
Convair • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 85
B-7 Problems Associated with the Development and Operation of a
Cryogenic Cooling System for the X-15 Airplane, C. P. Bouman,
North American Aviation, Inc. . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • . • 93
PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIA
C-1 The Solid-Vapor Equilibrium of Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen, R. E.
Sonntag and G. j. Va n Wylen, University of Michigan • • • • • • . • • • 99
C-2 A Study of the Phase EquilibriaoftheHydrogen-Carbon Monoxide
Propane System at Low Temperatures, F. P. Stein, L. C. Claitor,
and j. M. Geist, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.. • • • . • . . • • • • 106
C-3 Solid-Vapor Equilibria of the Oxygen-Hydrogen System, C.
McKinley, j. Brewer, andE. S. j. W~mg, Air Products and Chemicals,
Inc.. • . . . . • . . . . • • • . . . • • . . • . . . • . • . • • • • . . • • • • • . • . 114
C-4 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria at Low Temperatures:TheCarbonMonox
ide-Methane System, A. Toyama, P. S. Chappelear, T. W. Leland,
and R. Kobayashi, The Rice University • . • • . • . • . . • • • • . . • • . 125
C-5 Design and Test of Gas-Adsorption System for the N. S. Savannah,
G. Y. Robinson, Jr., Artbur D. Little, Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137
V
EQUIPMENT I
E-1 Factors Affecting the Design of High-Pressure Liquefied-Gas
Storage Tanks, T. J. Webster and J. Robb, The British Oxygen
Company, Ltd. . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 143
E-2 Cryogenic Tankage for Chemical Space Power Systems, R. J. Cor-
bett, J. E. Bell, and J. M. Lester, Beech Aircraft Corporation. • • • 149
E-3 Expulsion Bladders for Cryogenic Fluids, B. J. Hunter, J. E. Bell,
and J. E. Penner, Beech Aircraft Corporation. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 155
E-4 Hazard Level of Hydrocarbon Films in Systems Containing Liquid
and Gaseous Oxygen, E. Kehat, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 163
E-5 Some Applications of Liquefied Gases in Cooling Systems in Air-
craft and Missiles, G. V. Bloomfield, The British Oxygen Company,
Ltd. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 170
E-6 Safety Monitor for Cryogenic Storage Vessels, M. D. Bloomer and
R. F. Sweetman, General Electric Company • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 180
E-7 In-Pile Loop Cryogenic Refrigerator, A. M. Liebschutz, Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation and C. A. Schulte, Arthur D. Little, Inc. • • • • 181
FLUID TRANSFER PHENOMENA
F-1 Liquid-Hydrogen Flowmeter Calibration Facility, H. L. Minkin,
H. F. Hobart, and I. Warshawsky, Lewis Research Center NASA. • • 189
F-2 Problems in Cool-Down of Cryogenic Systems, J. C. Bronson, F. J.
Edeskuty, J. H. Fretwell, E. F. Hammel, W. E. Keller, K. L. Meier,
A. F. Schuch, and W. L. Willis, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. • 198
F-3 Elimination of the Geysering Effect in Missiles, S. K. Morgan and
H. F. Brady, The Martin Company. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 206
F-4 On the Bulk Density of Boiling Liquid Oxygen, R. W. Arnett, CEL
National Bureau of Standards. • . • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • 214
F-5 Gas Requirements in Pressurized Transfer of Liquid Hydrogen,
D. F. Gluck and J. F. Kline, Lewis Research Center NASA. • • • • • . 219
F -6 Analysis of the Pressurizing Gas Requirements for an Evaporated
Propellant Pressurization System, E. F. Coxe and j. W. Tatom,
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 234
F-7 Experiences with Pressurized Discharge of Liquid Oxygen from
Large Flight Vehicle Propellant Tanks, M. E. Nein and R. R. Head,
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA • • • • • • • • . • . • • • 244
EQUIPMENT II
G-1 Refrigeration Systems for Temperatures Below 25°K with Turbo-
expanders, C. Trepp, Sulzer Bros., Ltd. • . . . • • • . . . . • • • . . . . 251
G-2 Testing of Ball Bearings with Five Different SeparatorMaterials at
9200 RPM in Liquid Nitrogen, J. A. Brennan, W. A. Wilson, R.
Radebaugh, andB. W. Birmingham, CELNationalBureauofStandards 262
G-3 Dry Gas Operation of Ball Bearings at Cryogenic Temperatures,
L. E. Scott, D. B. Chelton, and J. A. Brennan, CEL National Bureau
of Standards • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 273
G-4 Cavitation Characteristics of Tank-Mounted Cryogenic Pumps and
Their Predicted Performance Und er Reduced Gravity, J. F. DiStefano
and G. H. Caine, Pesco Products Div., Borg-Warner Corporation 277
G-5 A Gas-Shielded Storage and Transport Vessel for Liquid Helium,
P. J. Murto, Linde Company. • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 291
G-6 Saturn Booster Liquid-Oxygen Heat Exchanger Design andDevelop
ment, G. K. Platt and C. C. Wood, George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center NASA. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . . • • . • • • 296
vi
CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES
H-1 Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Losses, J. J. Gniewek and
R. L. Powell, CEL National Bureau of Standards • • • • • • • • • • • • • 303
H-2 The Structure of the Allotropie Forms of He3 and He4, A. F. Schuch
and R. L. Mills, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. • • • • • • • • • • • 311
H-3 New Effects in Superconductivity, J. Nicol, j. L. Miles, S. Shapiro,
and P. H. Smith, Arthur D. Little, Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 318
H-4 Electrostatic Hazards Associated with the Transfer and Storage of
Liquid Hydrogen, L. Cassutt, D. Biron, and B. Vonnegut, Arthur D.
Little, Inc. • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • 327
H-5 Epoxy-Nylon Adhesives for Low-Temperature Applications, J.
Hertz, General Dynamics/Astronautics... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 336
H-6 The Application and Behavior of Elastemers at Cryogenic Tempera-
tures, R. F. Robbins, D. H. Weitzel, and R. N. Herring, CEL National
Bureau of Standards • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 343
H-7 Thermal Conductivity of Plastic Foams from -423° to 75°F, J. F.
Haskins and J. Hertz, General Dynamics/ Astronautics. • • • . • • • • 353
HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA
J-1 Transient Condensation on Insulating Substrates for Cryogenic
Application, J. A. Clark, University of Michigan . • • . • • • • • • • • • 360
j-2 Skin Friction, Heat Transfer, and Condensation Rate for Binary
Cryogenic Flow Over a Flat Plate, J. C. Y. Koh and P. E. Grafton,
The Boeing Company • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • . • • • 367
J-3 Heat Transfer to an Uninsulated Surface at. 20°K, D. A. Va n Gundy
and J. R. Uglum, Beech Aircraft Corporation • • . • • • • • . . . • • . • 377
J-4 A Method for Improving Heat Transfer to a Cryogenic Fluid, C. W.
Cowley, W. J. Timson, and J. A. Sawdye, Linde Company. • • • • • • • 385
J-5 Heat Transfer to Cryogenic Hydrogen at Supercritical Pressures,
W. R. Thompson and E. L. Geery, Aerojet-General Corporation... 391
J-6 An Experimental Investigation of the Individual Boiling and Con
densing Heat Transfer Coefficients for Hydrogen, D. E. Drayer and
K. D. Timmerhaus, CEL National Bureau of Standards • • • • • • • • • 401
J-7 Advances in Multilayer Insulations, L. C. Matsch, Linde Company 413
J-8 Dynamic Response of Fluid and Wall Temperatures During Pres
surized Discharge for Simultaneous, Time-Oependent Irrlet Gas
Temperature, Ambient Temperature, and/or Ambient Heat Flux,
V. S. Arpaci and J. A. Clark, University of Michigan • • • • • • . • . • 419
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TEST PROCEDURES
K-1 Strain Measurements at Cryogenic Temperatures, P. T. Chiarito,
Lewis Research Center NASA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 433
K-2 Tensile-Compression-Shear Loop for Irradiation Testing at Cryo-
genic Temperatures, W. L. Bridges and A. M. Liebschutz, Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation • . • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . . • . • 440
K -3 A Cryostat for Tensile Tests in the Temperature Range 300° to 4°K,
R. P. Reed, CEL National Bureau of Standards . . • • • . • • • • . • • • 448
K- 4 A Multiple Tensile Specimen Test Device for Use in Liquid Hydrogen,
R. D. Keys, The Martin Company • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . . • • • • • • . 455
K-5 Biaxial Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Weldable Alumirrum
Alloys, R. Markovich, The Martin Company . • • . • • • . • • • • • . . • 459
K-6 Tensile and Impact Properties of 7075-T6 and 7079-T6 Plate, Hand
Forgings, and Tensile Properties of Plate MIG Weldments Between
75° and -320°F, F. W. DeMoney and G. C. Welfer, Kaiser Alumirrum
and Chemical Corporation. . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • 466
vii
K-7 Tensile Behavior of Parent Meta! and Welded 5000-Series Alumirrum
Alloy Plate at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures, L. P. Rice, J. E.
Campbell, and W. F. Simmons, Batteile Memorial Institute • • • • • • 478
K-8 Mechanical Properties of Several 5000-Series Alumirrum Alloys at
Cryogenic Temperatures, ]. L. Christian and J. F. Watson, General
Dynamics/ Astronautics. • . . . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • 490
K-9 Martensitic Transformation Products and Mechanical Properties of
Austenitic Stainless Steels at Low Temperatures, C. J. Guntner and
R. P. Reed, CEL National Bureau of Standards . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 500
K-10 The Fatigue Behavior of Certain Alloys in the Temperature Range
from Room Temperature to -423°F, D. N. Gideon, R. J. Fav or, H. J.
Grover, and G. M. McClure, Batteile Memorial Institute. • • • • • • • 503
K-11 A Method of Measuring Shear Modulus from -424° to 70°F, R. P.
Mikesell and R. M. McClintock, CEL National Bureau of Standards 509
SELECTED SHORT PAPERS
L-1 Gallium-Doped Germanium Resistance Thermometers, F. J. Low,
Texas Instrument, Inc. • • • . . • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 514
L-2 Low-Temperature Characteristics of Some Commercial Thermo
couples, R. L. Powell and L. P. Caywood, Jr., CEL National Bureau
of Standards •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , • • • • • 517
L-3 Thermistors as Cryogenic Temperature Sensors, P. E. Martin and
H. Richards, The Martin Company • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 522
L-4 Temperature Plotting Apparatus, R. E, Anderson and E. F. Mains,
General Electric Company. • • . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • . • • 527
L-5 An Electrically Controlled Guarded Flat Plate Calorimeter, D. Cline
and R. H. Kropschot, CEL National Bureau of Standards • • • • • • • • 534
L-6 The Nucleate and Film Boiling Curve of Liquid Nitrogen at One
Atmosphere, T. M. Flynn, J. W. Draper, and J. J, Roos, The Bendix
Corporation . • . . • • . • . . . . . • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 539
L-7 Boiling Heat Transfer Data for Liquid Nitrogen at Standard and Near-
Zero Gravity, H. Merte and ]. A. Clark, University of Michigan. • • 546
L-8 The Thermal Check Valve-A Cryogenic Tool, W. E. Gifford, Artbur
D. Little, Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 551
L-9 Temperature-Energized Static Seal for Liquid Hydrogen, S. E. Logan,
ACF Industries, Inc. • • . . • • . . . . • . . . • . • . . • . • . . • . . • • . • 556
L-10 Liquid Neon and AdvancedTechniquesUsedinDesignof Liquid-Neon
Equipment, F. ]. Graham, Linde Company • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • • • 562
L-11 The Efficiency of an Ideal Refrigerator, R. B. Jacobs, CEL National
Bureau of Standards. • • . • . • • • • • • . • • . • . • . • • • • . • . • • • • • 567
INDEXES
Author Index. . • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • 573
Cumulative Subject Index for Volumes 6 and 7 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 575
viii
FOREWORD
The 1961 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is pleased to present
the papers of the 1961 Cryogenic Engineering Conference. We are grateful to
have had the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan as our host for the
seventh annual meeting of this group.
The Conference Committee in presenting the papers oftbis Conference takes
this opportunity to acknowledge the assistance of an Editorial Committee in the
selection of papers for the program. Since over one hundred and twenty papers
were submitted, their task of screening and evaluating the papers was a dif
ficult one. The Committee guided by G. j. Va n Wylen, who also served as chair
man of the Conference Committee, included R. W. Arnett, B. W. Birmingham,
D. B. Chelton, R. j. Corruccini, C. j. Guntner, M. j. Hiza, R. B. jacobs, A. J.
Kidnay, R. H. Kropschot, j. Macinko, D. B. Mann, R. P. Mikesell, R. L. Powell,
J. R. Purcell, R. P. Reed, R. j. Richards, A. F. Schmidt, R. B. Stewart, and K. A.
Warren.
Recognition for the award winning paper presented at the 1960 Confer
ence was given to j. T. Harding and R. H. Tuffias of the Jet Propulsion Labaratory
of the California Institute of Technology. The objectives of the award, as outlined
by the Award Committeeheadedby P. Ordin, are to provide increased recognition
for the author in a scientific community and to provide an incentive for higher
quality in both oral and written presentations at future Cryogenic Engineering
Conferences. A similar award will be made at the 1962 Cryogenic Engineering
Conference which is to be held in Los Angeles, California.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is deeply grateful for the
support and interest of the following organizations who have made the 1961
Cryogenic Engineering Conference possible.
Aerojet-General Corporation Linde Company
Aerospace Corporation A. D. Little, Inc.
L' Air Liquide Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The Martin Company
Air Reduction Company National Bureau of Standards
Allison Division, General Motors North American Aviation, Inc.
American Messer Corporation North American Philips Company, Inc.
Aro Equipment Corporation Pesco Products Div., Borg-Warner Corp.
Sechtel Corporation Ronan and Kunzl, Inc.
Beech Aircraft Corporation Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.
Bell Aerosystems Company Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company
Boeing Airplane Company Superior Air Products, Inc.
Garrett Corporation Thompson Products
General Dynamics Corporation Turbocraft Company
General Electric Company United Aircraft
Hofman Laboratories University of Michigan
Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. Westinghouse Electric Corporation
1961 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
B. C. Dunnam Aeronautical Systems Division
F. J. Edeskuty Los Alamos Scientific Labaratory
G. E. Mcintosh Cryogenic Engineering Company
L. 8. Nesbitt General Electric Company
K. D. Timmerhaus National Bureau of Standards
University of Colorado
C. F. Tonjes, Jr. Cryogenic Engineering Company
R. W. Vance Aerospace Corporation
G. J. Va n Wylen University of Michigan
X