Advances in Cryogenic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado, August 19–21, 1957

429 Pages·1960·14.108 MB·English

by  J. Macinko, D. B. Chelton, J. Dean (auth.), K. D. Timmerhaus (eds.)

A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Publication
Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 3
Proceedings of the 1957
Cryogenic Engineering Conference
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado
August 19-21,1957
K. D. TIMMERHAUS, Editor
Chemical Engineering Department
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Distributed by
PLENUM PRESS, Inc., NEW YORK
1960
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3107-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3105-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3105-6
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1960
FOREWORD
By popular request, the National Bureau of Standards
was again a host to a conference on cryogenic engineering on
August 19-21, 1957. Similar meetings were held here in 1954
and 1956. The acceptance of over forty papers for this
conference was certainly a sign of the increasing activity and
interest in this engineering field. There seems little doubt that
it will continue to grow, justifying the need for annual meetings.
To make the Proceedings more interesting an attempt
was made to include as much as possible of the general
discussion which followed each paper.
To obtain individual reprints of anyone particular
paper, please contact the authors directly.
1957 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
B. W. Birmingham National Bureau of Standards
S. C. Collins Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
E. F. Hammel Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory
R. B. Scott National Bureau of Standards
K. D. Timmerhaus University of Colorado
W. T. Ziegler Georgia Institute of Technology
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee
gratefully acknowledges the continued support and interest of
the following organizations who have made the 1957 Cryogenic
Engineering Conference and the publication of this Proceedings
possible.
L' Air Liquide
Air Products, Inc.
Allison Division, General Motor s
American Messer Corporation
Aro Equipment Corporation
Beech Aircraft Corporation
Bell Aircraft
Boeing Airplane Company
Cambridge Corporation
Convair
Curtiss-Wright Corporation
Garrett Corporation
General Electric Company
Herrick L. Johnston, Inc.
Hofman Laboratories
Linde Company
A. D. Little, Inc.
The Martin Company
National Bureau of Standards
Northrop Aircraft
Pesco Products --Division of Borg Warner
Pioneer Centra1--Division of Bendix Aviation
Ronan and Kunz1, Inc.
Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company
Superior Air Products, Inc.
Thompson Products
United Aircraft
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
ii
CONTENTS
PAGE
1957 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE
COMMITTEE .. i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
PAPERS PRESENTED
Cryogenic Proces se s
A-I Hydrogen Liquefaction Cycles .•...•.• 1
J. Macinko, D. B. Chelton, and J. Dean
CEL National Bureau of Standards
A-2 Removal of Nitrogen from Hydrogen
with Silica Gel at Low Temperatures. 11
V. J. Johnson
CEL National Bureau of Standards
A-3 Preliminary Design Studies of Low
Temperature Refrigeration Plants 19
D. Aronson
Worthington Corporation
A-4 Power Consumption and Thermodynamic
Reversibility in Low Temperature
Refrigeration and Separation Processes. 32
J. B. Gardner and K. C. Smith
British Oxygen Research and Develop
ment Ltd.
A-5 The Reversible Separation of Multi
component Mixtures .•.••••.••. 47
H. M. Scofield
Linde Company
iii
PAGE
A-6 Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes by
Multicomponent Distillation •.•... 58
T. M. Flynn, K. D. Timmerhaus,
D. H. Weitzel, and J. W. Draper
CEL National Bureau of Standards
Cryogenic Processes (continued)
B-1 Efficient Utilization of Ortho-Para
Catalyst ...... 64
I •••••••••••
C. R. Class, R. P. Spero, and
G. E. McIntosh
Beech Aircraft Corporation
B-2 Design Data for Ortho-Parahydrogen
Converters ••.•.• 73
D. H. Weitzel, C. C. Van Valin,
and J. W. Draper
CEL National Bureau of Standards
B-3 Vapor Phase Ortho-Para Conversion
in the Large CEL-NBS Hydrogen
Liquefier ................. . 85
W. A. Wilson and D. H. Weitzel
CEL National Bureau of Standards
B-4 Design and Application of a Gas
Liquefier ............. . 92
T. W.· Schaffers
Philips Electronics, Inc.
B-5 The Thermodynamic Theory of a
Liquid Nitrogen Generator Using a
Norelco Refrigerator-Liquefier .• 99
F. G. Brickwedde
North American Philips Company
iv
PAGE
Cryogenic Applicactions
C-l Design and Performance Data on a
Laboratory Size Liquid Nitrogen
Plant ............ . 106
G. Y. Robinson and J. T. Selldorf
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
C-2 Economic and Other Aspects of the
Distribution of Navy Helium in
Liquid Form •••••• 114
R. E. Brown
Bureau of Aeronautics
Department of the Navy
C-3 Technical Aspects of Large Scale
Liquid Helium Liquefaction and
Transportation ••••••••••••• 125
D. B. Mann, B. W. Birmingham,
and P. C. Vander Arend
CEL National Bureau of Standards
C-4 Dilution of Cryogenic Liquid Rocket
Propellants During Pressurized
Transfer • • • • • • • • • • . • • •• 136
S. Greenfield
Rocketdyne
C-5 Liquid Oxygen for Missile Testing 149
W. J. Scharle
Air Products, Inc.
. . . . . .
C-6 Unattended Oxygen Plants. 160
W. W. Aton
Linde Company
Cryogenic Equipment
D-l On the Design of a Cryogenic
Facility for Testing Aircraft
Components ••••••••••••••• 172
N. Meyers, H. Rind, and P. Gomez
Stratos
v
PAGE
D-2 Liquid Helium Temperatures in an
Atomic Reactor .173
J. T. Howe, R. R. Coltman, and
T. H. Blewitt
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
D-3 Integral Probe Capacitance Gaging of
Liquid Gas Container Contents 179
H. J. Smith
The Aro Equipment Corporation
D-4 A Unique Thermal Conductivity Gas
Analyzer ••••••.••..• 191
J. R. Purcell, J. W. Draper, and
D. H. Weitzel
CEL National Bureau of Standards
D-S Piston Type High Pressure Aircraft
Cryogenic Pumps• •••.•.••••••• 196
R. H. Ball
Sundstrand - Denver
D-6 Operation of Bearings and Pumps at
Low Temperatures• ••••••••••• 209
K. B. Martin, R. B. Jacobs, and
R. J. Hardy
CEL National Bureau of Standards
D-7 1000 Gallons Per Minute Liquid Oxygen
Transfer Unit ................. . 217
D. W. Seavey
Cambridge Corporation
D-8 Contaminants in Liquid Oxygen as Related
to Safety in Liquid Oxygen Production
and Distribution Equipment •••••.•• 218
C. D. Arrick
Linde Company
vi
PAGE
Cryogenic Equipment (continued)
E-l A Cryostat for Liquid Nitrogen Cool
ing of Rocket-borne Photomultiplier
Tubes. . 226
t ••••••
J. E. Tracey
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
F. K. Dearborn
Air Fa rce Cambridge Research Center
E-2 Beech Aircraft 6000 Liter Liquid
Hydrogen Dewar •••••••..••. 232
V. E. Isakson, C. D. Holben, and
C. V. Fogelberg
Beech Aircraft Corporation
E-3 Vacuum Insulated Dewars for Liquid
Oxygen and Liquid Nitrogen •••.•• 238
H. A. Eichstaedt
Ronan and Kunzl, Inc.
E-4 A Precision Low Temperature X-Ray
Camera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
E. G. Eeles
National Research Council of Canada
E-5 Design of Simple DC Resistance
Thermometer Bridges for Wide
Range Temperature Control ••• 254
R. D. Goodwin
CEL National Bureau of Standards
E-6 Calibration of Thermocouples at
Low Temperatures •••• 269
M. D. Bunch and R. L. Powell
CEL National Bureau of Standards
vii
PAGE
Cryogenic Propertie s
F-l Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in the System
Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Carbon Monoxide .. , 275
W. W. Akers and L. S. Eubanks
The Rice Institute
F-2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Studies on
the System Argon-Oxygen •••••••• 294
D. I. J. Wang
Linde Company
F-3 Epoxy Resins as Cryogenic
Structural Adhesives 305
R. M. McClintock and M. J. Hiza
CEL National Bureau of Standards
F-4 The Impact Testing of Various Alloys
at Low Temperatures ••• , ••••• 316
R. p, Mikesell and R. P. Reed
CEL National Bureau of Standards
F-5 Performance Prediction of Low
Temperature Air-cooling Extended
Surface by Several Comparative Methods 325
C. F. Kayan and R. G. Gates
Columbia University
F -6 Temperatur e -Pre s sure -Time Relationships
in a Closed Cryogenic Container ••••• 342
S. C. Huntley
National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics
viii