Advances in Cryogenic Engineering: Proceeding of the 1970 Cryogenic Engineering Conference The University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado June 17–17, 1970

519 Pages·1971·15.426 MB·English

by  H. H. Woodson (auth.), K. D. Timmerhaus (eds.)

Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 1&
A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Publication
Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 1&
Proceedings of the 1970
Cryogenic Engineering Conference
The University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
June 17-19, 1970
K. D. TIMMERHAUS, Editor
Engineering Research Center
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
PLENUM PRESS
NEW YORK-LON DON .1971
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 57-35598
ISBN 978-1-4757-0246-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-0244-6 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1971
Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10, 6SE, England
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
1969 Award-Winning Papers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
1970 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Acknowledgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl
Applied Superconductivity
A-I Applications of Superconductivity and Cryogenics in Electric Power
Systems, H. H. WOODSON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. . .. . . 1
A-2 British Developments in Superconductivity Applications, A. D.
ApPLETON, International Research & Development Company, Ltd. . . . . . 11
A-3 Superconductivity in High-Energy Physics, E. G. PEWITT, Argonne
National Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Solid Properties
B-1 Tensile Properties and Notch Toughness of Some 7XXX Alloys at
-452°F, J. G. KAUFMAN and E. T. WANDERER, Alcoa Research Labor-
atories.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B-2 Low-Temperature Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate
Multifiber Yarn and Polystyrene Foam, R. P. REED, R. L. DURCHOLZ,
and J. M. ARVIDSON, NBS Institute for Basic Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-3 Magnetic Properties of Commercial Soft Magnetic Alloys at Cryogenic
Temperatures, F. W. ACKERMANN and W. A. KLAWITTER, Carpenter
Technology Corp. and J. J. DRAUTMAN, Gardner Cryogenics. . . . . . . . . . . 46
H-4 The Glass Temperature and the Specific Heat of Apiezon Nand T Grease,
M. M. KREITMAN, University of Dayton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Thermodynamic Properties
C-l New Equation of State for Methane and Propane from Study of Iso
choric Data and Multiproperty Analysis, Y. C. KWOK and K. E.
STARLING, The University of Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
C-2 Calculation of Thermofunctions of Fluorine, R. PRYDZ and G. C.
STRATY, NBS Institute for Basic Standards, and K. D. TIMMERHAUS,
University of Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
C-3 NTWO-A Nitrogen-Properties Package, K. J. PEW, R. C. HENDRICKS,
and R. J. SIMONEAU, NASA Lewis Research Center.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-4 Phase Equilibria of the Helium-Nitrogen System from 122 to 126°K,
P. C. TULLY, W. E. DE YANEY, and H. L. RHODES, U.S. Bureau of
Mines, Helium Research Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
C-5 A Comparison of Rate Expressions for the Low-Temperature Para
orthohydrogen Shift, H. L. HUTCHINSON, L. F. BROWN, and P. L.
BARRICK. University of Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
v
vi Contents
Low-Temperature Insulation
D-l Advances in Thermal Insulation, R. H. KROPSCHOT, NBS Institute for
Basic Standards. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
D-2 Experimental Study of a New PVC Foam Insulation System for Liquid
Hydrogen-Liquid-Oxygen Space Vehicles, F. J. MULLER, Centre
d'Etudes Cryogeniques de L'Air Liquide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
D-3 High-Performance Spray-Foam Insulation for Application on Saturn
S-II Stage, F. E. MACK and M. E. SMITH, North American Rockwell
Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118
D-4 Open-Cell Cryogenic Insulation, G. B. YATES, Convair Division of
General Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
D-5 Experimental Investigation of Lateral Heat Transfer in Cryogenic
Multilayer Insulation, P. S. JAGANNATHAN and C. L. TIEN, University of
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
D-6 A Temperature-Decay Method for Determining Superinsulation Con
ductivity, M. B. HAMMOND, JR., North American Rockwell Corporation 143
Low-Temperature Refrigeration
E-l Large-Scale Refrigeration Systems for the Temperature Range 1.0 to
1.85°K, G. RATLIFF and S. J. ST. LORANT, Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center.. . . .... . ...... . . . ....... . .... .. . ....... ..... ......... .. 154
E-2 Helium-II Refrigerator for 300 W at 1.8°K, W. BALDUS, Linde Aktien
gesellschaft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
E-3 Hydraulically Operated Two-Phase Helium Expansion Engine, R. W.
JOHNSON and S. C. COLLINS, Cryogenic Technology, Inc., and J. L.
SMITH, JR., Massachusetts Institute of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
E-4 Triple-Expansion Stirling-Cycle Refrigerator, A. DANIELS and F. K.
Du PRE, Philips Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178
E-5 A Miniature, Vibration-Free, Rhombic-Drive, Stirling-Cycle Cooler,
A. STORACE, Philips Laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
E-6 A Modified Solvay-Cycle Cryogenic Refrigerator, R. C. LONGSWORTH,
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
E-7 A Miniature Self-Regulating Rapid-Cooling Joule-Thomson Cryostat,
J. S. BULLER, Santa Barbara Research Center.. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
E-8 Closed-Cycle Refrigeration for an Airborne Illuminator, F. F. CHELLIS,
and T. P. HOSMER, Cryogenic Technology, Inc., and E. KELLER, Texas
Instruments, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 214
E-9 A Heat-Balance Analysis of a Gifford-McMahon Cryorefrigerator,
R. A. ACKERMANN, Cryomech, Inc., and W. E. GIFFORD, Syracuse
University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 221
Low-Temperature Instrumentation
F-l Instrumentation for Storage and Transfer of Hydrogen Slush, D. H.
WEITZEL, J. E. CRUZ, L. T. LOWE, R. J. RICHARDS, and D. B. MANN, NBS
Institute for Basic Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230
F-2 Microwave Methods for Cryogenic Liquid and Slush Instrumentation,
D. A. ELLERBRUCH, NBS Institute for Basic Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Contents vii
F-3 Fluid-Phase and Temperature Measurement with a Single Sensor. II,
R. S. COLLIER and J. C. JELLISON, NBS Institute for Basic Standards.. 251
F-4 Capacitive-Thermometry Characteristics of a Titanate Glass-Ceramic
at Low Temperatures, W. M. LAWLESS, Corning Glass Works.. . ... . .. 261
F-5 The Pressure Distribution in a Liquid-Nitrogen Cold Trap, D. F. DYER,
Auburn University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268
Low-Temperature Equipment
G-l A Superfluid Plug for Space, P. M. SELZER, W. M. FAIRBANK, and C. W.
F. EVERITT, Stanford University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 277
G-2 Application of a Superfluid Valve in a Variable-Temperature Dewar,
M. M. KREITMAN, University of Dayton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282
G-3 A Magnetically Operated Cryogenic Valve, M. A. OTAVKA, B. P.
STRAUSS, and R. W. FAST, National Accelerator Laboratory. . . . . . . . .. 285
G-4 Residual Gas Conduction Near Liquid-Helium Temperatures, F. W.
PIRTLE, III and W. B. COTTINGHAM, Purdue University.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 288
G-5 A New Criterion for the Design of Gas-Cooled Cryogenic Current Leads,
P. THULLEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... ... .. . . .. . .. .. 292
G-6 A Continuous-Distillation Apparatus for the Separation of He3 from
He4, W. R. WILKES, Monsanto Research Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 298
Regenerative Heat Exchange
H-l Analytical and Experimental Studies of Compact Wire-Screen Heat
Exchangers, J. C. KIM and E. B. QVALE, Purdue University. . . . . . . . . . . 302
H-2 The Design of Thermal Regenerators for Stirling-Type Refrigerators,
W. S. HARRIS, IBM, and P. A. RIOS and J. L. SMITH, JR., Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
H-3 Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Dense-Mesh Wire
Screen Stirling-Cycle Regenerators, G. WALKER, The University of
CalKary, and V. VASISHTA, Control Data Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
H-4 Performance of Regenerators at Low Temperatures, A. BRETHERTON,
Air Products, London, and W. H. GRANVILLE and J. B. HARNESS, Uni
versity of Bradford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 333
H-5 Shuttle Heat Transfer, F. J. ZIMMERMAN, Lafayette College, and R. C.
LONGSWORTH, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. .................... 342
Heat Transfer in Helium
1-1 Heat Transfer from Horizontal Cylinders to a Saturated Helium-I Bath,
R. M. HOLDREDGE, Utah State University, and P. W. McFADDEN, Purdue
University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 352
1-2 Nucleate Boiling of Liquid Helium 1 on Gallium Single Crystals,
V. PURDY, C. LINNET, and T. H. K. FREDERKING, University ofC alifornia
at Los Angeles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359
1-3 Supercritical Helium Cooling of Hollow Superconductors, W. B. BALD,
Brookhaven National Laboratory ............................... " 368
1-4 Discrepancies in Critical-Heat-Flux Data Obtained Using Thin-Wire
Heaters in Saturated Liquid Helium II, A. C. LEONARD, Royal Military
College of Canada, and E. R. LADY, University of Michigan. . . . . . . . .. 378
viii Contents
1-5 High-Speed Motion-Picture Studies of Film Boiling in Liquid Helium II,
F. L. EBRIGHT and R. K. IREY, University of Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 386
1-6 Near-Isothermal Dissipative Flow of Liquid He II at Supercritical
Velocities, F. C. VOTE, J. E. MYERS, H. B. CHU, and T. H. K. FREDERKING,
University of California at Los Angeles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 393
Film-Boiling Heat Transfer
J-l A Study of Film Boiling of Corresponding-States Fluids over a Wide
Pressure Range with Cylindrical Heaters, V. J. FLANIGAN and E. L.
PARK, JR., University of Missouri-Rolla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 402
J-2 Film-Pool Boiling of Nitrogen from Flat Surfaces, H. J. SAUER, JR.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, and K. M. RAGSDELL, University of
Texas........................................................ 412
J-3 Experimental Effects of Pressure, Subcooling, and Diameter on Thin-
Wire Film Boiling of Liquid Nitrogen, R. J. SIMONEAU and K. J.
BAUMEISTER, NASA Lewis Research Center.......... ..... .. . . . .. .. 416
J-4 Influence of Swirl Flow on Heat Transfer to Nitrogen in Dispersed
Flow Film Boiling, A. E. BERGLES, Georgia Institute ofT echnology, W. D.
FULLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and S. J. HYNEK,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426
J-5 Buoyancy Effects on Liquid-Nitrogen Film Boiling in Vertical Flow,
S. S. PAPELL, NASA Lewis Research Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 435
J-6 Anomalous Behavior of Liquid-Nitrogen Drops in Film Boiling, K. J.
BAUMEISTER, E. G. KESHOCK, and D. A. PUCCI, NASA Lewis Research
Center.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 445
J-7 Liquid or Solid on Liquid in Leidenfrost Film Boiling, R. C. HENDRICKS
and K. J. BAUMEISTER, NASA Lewis Research Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 455
Heat Transfer
K-l Total Normal Emittances of Some Real Surfaces at Cryogenic Tempera
tures, K. H. HAWKS and W. B. COTTINGHAM, Purdue University. . . . .. 467
K-2 Measurements of Film-Condensation Heat Transfer on Vertical Tubes
for Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Deuterium, R. EWALD and P. PERROUD,
Centre d'Etudes Nuc!eaires de Grenoble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 475
K -3 Design of Water-to-Cryogenic Heat Exchangers with Variable-Thickness
Ice Films, W. M. BOWERS, Rocketdyne.. . .... .. ..... .............. 482
K-4 Vibration Effects on Convective Heat Transfer in a Cryogen-Filled
Enclosure, C. T. CARLEY, C. J. BELL, R. E. FORBES, and G. V. SMITH,
Mississippi State University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 494
Indexes
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
FOREWORD
1970 marked the seventh return of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference,
now affiliated with the National Academy of Sciences through the Division of
Engineering, National Research Council, to Boulder, Colorado. Local arrangements
for this year's meeting have again been capably handled by the University of Colorado
and the Cryogenics Division, NBS Institute for Basic Standards. The Cryogenic
Engineering Conference Committee gratefully acknowledges the assistance of these
two organizations, and particularly the Bureau of Continuation Education of the
University of Colorado, for serving as hosts to the 1970 Cryogenic Engineering
Conference.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, honorary organization of
more than 700 scientists and engineers elected on the basis of outstanding con
tributions to knowledge. Established by a Congressional Act of Incorporation
signed by Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, and supported by private and public
funds, the Academy works to further science and its use for the general welfare by
bringing together the most qualified individuals to deal with scientific and tech
nological problems of broad significance. Under the terms of its Congressional
charter, the Academy is also called upon to act as an official-yet independent
adviser to the Federal Government in any matter of science and technology. This
provision accounts for the close ties that have always existed between the Academy
and the Government, although the Academy is not a governmental agency and its
activities are not limited to those on behalf of the Government. The National Research
Council was organized as an agency of the National Academy of Sciences in 1916,
at the request of President Wilson, to enable the broad community of U.S. scientists
and engineers to associate their efforts with the limited membership of the Academy
in service to science and the nation. The Division of Engineering is one of the eight
major Divisions into which the National Research Council is organized for the
conduct of its work. Its membership includes representatives of the nation's leading
technical societies as well as a number of members-at-large. The Cryogenic Engineer
ing Conference is an organization of the Division of Engineering.
As in the past, the Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee and the
editor are grateful for the continued assistance of all the dedicated workers in the
cryogenic field who have contributed their time reviewing the preliminary papers
for the program and the final manuscripts for this volume. The list of participants
in these many essential tasks is so long that any attempt to acknowledge individual
contributions in the limited space would be difficult. It is a pleasure to again single
out for special recognition the contributions of Mrs. E. R. Dillman, who has been
involved with this series since 1963, and Miss W. Wilkinson (both from the University
of Colorado) for their able assistance with the preparation of the final manuscripts
in this volume.
No amount of recognition by the editor would ever be adequate to show his
appreciation to his family for their continual encouragement and unselfish assistance
in the preparation of this series during the past fifteen years. Accordingly, Vol. 16
of the Advances in Cryogenic Engineering is dedicated again to his family, and in
particular his parents, Paul and Else Timmerhaus.
ix
1969 AWARD-WINNING PAPERS
The objectives of this annual award are to provide increased recognition for
the recipients in the scientific community, and to provide an incentive for higher
quality in both oral and written presentations at future Cryogenic Engineering
Conferences.
The winners of the Russell B. Scott Memorial Award for the outstanding
papers presented at the 1969 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, as announced
by the Awards Committee, are as follows: In the Cryogenic Engineering Research
category, D. E. Diller and H. M. Roder for their paper, "Thermal-Conductivity
Measurements on Fluid Hydrogen at 17 to 2000K and Pressures to 10 MN/m2."
In the Application of Cryogenic Engineering category, P. Thullen and J. L. Smith,
Jr., for their paper, "The Design of a Rotating Dewar and Field Winding for a
Superconducting Alternator."
The Cryogenic Engineering Conference extl!nds its congratulations to all of
these award-winning authors.
AWARDS COMMITTEE
W. Bowers, Chairman North American Rockwell Corporation
F. W. DeMoney Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales, Inc.
G. Deppe Aerojet-General Corporation
L. Graham Illinois Institute of Technology
V. J. Johnson NBS Institute for Basic Standards, Boulder
1970 CYROGENICS ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
R. S. Thurston, Chairman Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
H. G. Paul, Vice Chairman NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
W. Bowers North American Rockwell Corporation
J. F. DiStefano Pesco Products Division of Borg-Warner
Corporation
J. M. Geist Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
R. C. Hendricks NASA Lewis Research Center
A. J. Kidnay Colorado School of Mines
R. H. Kropschot NBS Institute for Basic Standards
F. E. Maddocks U.S. Philips Corporation
C. McKinley Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
J. L. Smith, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Editor, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
K. D. Timmerhaus University of Colorado
University of Colorado National Academy of Sciences
G. Goulette R. A. Cliffe
Mrs. D. Rees Mrs. M. Miller
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee is deeply grateful for the
support and interest that the following organizations have given to the 1970 Cryo
genic Engineering Conference.
Aerojet-General Coporation Institute of Gas Technology
The Aerospace Corporation Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales, Inc.
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Minnesota Valley Engineering, Inc.
AiReduction Company, Inc. National Cylinder Gas/Division of
American Messer Corporation Chemtron Corporation
Borg-Warner Corporation NBS Institute for Basic Standards
Cities Service Helex, Inc. Silbrico Corporation
Consolidated Precision Corporation TRW Systems Group
Cryogenic Society of America Union Carbide Corporation
Esso Research and Engineering
Company University of Colorado
Grumman Aerospace Corporation U.S. Philips Corporation
Honeywell, Inc. Wyle Laboratories
Xl