Advances in Cosmology: Science - Art - Philosophy PDF
Preview Advances in Cosmology: Science - Art - Philosophy
A D V A N C E S I N COSMOLOGY Editors MARILENA STREIT-BIANCHI PAOLA CATAPANO CRISTIANO GALBIATI ENRICO MAGNANI Advances in Cosmology · · Marilena Streit-Bianchi Paola Catapano · Cristiano Galbiati Enrico Magnani Editors Advances in Cosmology Science - Art - Philosophy Editors MarilenaStreit-Bianchi PaolaCatapano ARSCIENCIA CERN Wien,Austria Geneva,Switzerland CristianoGalbiati EnricoMagnani PrincetonUniversity ReggioEmilia,Italy Princeton,NJ,USA GranSassoScienceInstitute L’Aquila,Italy ISBN 978-3-031-05624-6 ISBN 978-3-031-05625-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05625-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:“QuantumMultiversen2”EnricoMagnani2019,acrylicandenamelonmultilayer paperaluminiumboard,100×76cm ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Philosophyiswritteninthatgreatbook whicheverliesbeforeoureyes—Imeanthe universe—butwecannotunderstanditifwe donotfirstlearnthelanguageandgraspthe symbols,inwhichitiswritten.Thisbookis writteninthemathematicallanguage. Galileo,IlSaggiatore(1623) Foreword Wheredowecomefrom?Howdideverythingbegin?Howdideverythingevolve? These questions have interested humankind for thousands of years. People have alwaysbeenintriguedbytheskyandthecelestialphenomenatheyobserved,leading themtothescienceofastronomy,expandingtheirhorizonwaybeyondtheEarth’s atmosphere.Later,withtheemergenceofnewtechnologiesandmethods,including spectroscopy, a new field emerged: astrophysics. Whereas astronomy deals with celestialobjects,spaceandthephysicaluniverseasawhole,astrophysicsfocusses on the physical processes associated with the objects that form the universe. Both areintimatelyconnected. According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is “the scientific study of the largescalepropertiesoftheUniverseasawhole”.Butyoucannotfullyunderstand the large-scale properties without understanding the small scales. Observations of phenomenasuchasthecosmicmicrowavebackground,togetherwiththeresultsof theStandardModelofparticlephysics,placeconstraintsonthephysicalconditions that must have prevailed in the early universe. In parallel, phenomena discovered throughcosmologicalobservations,suchasdarkmatterandnon-zeroneutrinomass, suggestthepresenceofnewphysics:physicsbeyondtheStandardModel.Answering fundamentalquestionsonouruniverse,itsoriginanddevelopment,bringsresearchers andscientistsfromdifferentfieldstogether.Byworkingtogether,notonlyintheir respectivedomainsbutalsoacrossthedisciplines,scientistscantakegreatstepsin understanding. Collaboration is the key to progress and this book emphasizes this kindofscientificinterconnection. Spreadingthenetfurtherweshouldnotforgettheimportantroleofphilosophy. Theancientphilosopherswerethefirsttodevelopanunderstandingofnaturethrough powerofmindalone,describedthroughmathematicalprinciples.Weclearlyseethe interconnectedness of astronomy, astrophysics, astroparticle and particle physics, and philosophy. From the last chapter of Werner Heisenberg’s book “Philosophy andPhysics”,onecanconcludethatinthecourseofhistoryitrepeatedlyturnsout thatfundamentalquestionsofphilosophyrelatedtonatureareinrealityquestionsof physics.Philosophyandphysicsinspireeachother,learnfromeachother. vii viii Foreword Art, too, has an important place in humankind’s contemplation of the universe. Thereshouldbenotwocultures:intellectuallifeshouldbeunitedinasingleculture. Why ? Because reality is very different from what we are able to grasp with our minisculeawareness.Weneedtoolsthatcantakeusfurther.Thereisaslittleroom inourabilitytograsprealityforaninfiniteUniversewithboundariesasthereisfor aBigBang.Art,however,setsouttoexpandourawareness,tocreateroomfornew conceptsthatarejustnowbeingresearchedinscience.Or,asPaulKleeoncesaid, artdoesnotreproducethevisible;ratheritmakesthingsvisible.Thesameappliesto science,especiallypureresearch:itgoesfarbeyondthevisible.Sometimes,itisthe visionsofsciencethatopenupnewformstoart,andsometimesitistheotherway around.ArtandsciencepursuesimilarvisionsandIliketheideaofEnricoMagnani usingtheshoreasaofmergingartwithscience.Bothartandsciencedeviatefromthe beatentrackofthoughtandperceptiontoconquersomethingnewwithgreatpurpose andcreativity.Bothriskgoingdownthewrongpathwhenwantingtodiscovernew territory. Neither has it easy, because they question the tried and tested and upend thefamiliar.Themindsetsofartistsandscientistsareverysimilar.Oftentheymade achoiceearlyintheircareersbetweenscienceandart.JuliusvonBismarck,thefirst artist in residence at CERN, and Enrico Magnani are just two examples. It is art, scienceandphilosophytogetherthatbestadvancehumankind. Advancementisacomplexbeast,butitreliesonthewellspringofcuriosity.We makeprogressinunderstandingourworld,areexploringothers,haveputourselves inapositionnotonlytocontemplatethenatureofouruniverse,foundexoplanetsand madethelivesofordinarypeopleunimaginablybetterthanbefore.Itisfundamental research that forms the basis for all kinds of scientific research. If you had asked Wilhelm Roentgen to invent a tool or a method to show illness or imperfections inthebody,hewouldneverhavethoughtofX-rays.Innovationisavirtuouscircle linkingbasictoappliedscience.Synergybetweenresearchandinnovationresultsnot onlyinsocietalandeconomicimpactbutalso,andveryimportantly,inthecreation of enhanced opportunities for further developments. This circle, its connection to, andsynergieswith,otherdomainsofhumanenquiryneedstoremainstrong,tobe unbroken. Iamsurethisbookwillgiveyouafirstglimpsehowmuchthedifferentresearch areasareinterconnectedandhowmucheachlearnsfromtheothersandtheirrespec- tive technologies. It is so important to reach beyond the boundaries of our own research.Doingsobringsusforwardandhelpsustobetterunderstandeachother, andtobetterappreciatetheuniverseweshare. Enjoyreading. Foreword ix February2022 Rolf-DieterHeuer PresidentCouncilofSESAME, DirectorGeneralCERN(2009-2015) AlBalqa,Jordan Preface Anunprecedentedvarietyofapproachesisavailabletodaytoresearcherswhosejobis toexploreandunderstandtheorigin,thestructure,thedestinyandthelawsgoverning the Universe. This is the underlying reason for this book, whose main motivation istopresentCosmologyinitsmulti-disciplinaryaspectsasascientific,philosoph- icalandartisticquest.Sincethedawnoftime,humanshavelookedattheskyinan attempt to understand their origins, and the laws governing and influencing them. Inmostancientcivilizations,astronomersembodiedtheverypowerofknowledge. Knowledge was not compartmentalized and their scientific quest often had philo- sophicalimplicationsandvisualrepresentations.Naturalsciencesinthosetimeshad noborders.ThejourneyfromAstronomytotoday’sCosmologyhasbeenalongone. Scientiststodayformulatetheoriesthathavetobeprovenexperimentallyusingthe available tools, and this is a very complex process involving the establishment of internationalcollaborationsandglobalnetworks. ContemporarycosmologyislookingattheUniverseasawholeandinthechapters ofthisbook,researchersfromallfieldsexplaintheideas,instrumentsandtechnolo- gies that are driving the search, what we know and what will be done, through theeffortandcompetenceofthousandsofexperts,toexploreanddecipherwhatis still obscure and unknown. Cosmology has been and is the realm of astronomers, physicistsandphilosophersand,inthepast,itinspiredreligiousandmythological cosmogonies. In 1584, Giordano Bruno, a Dominican friar and philosopher, published the philosophical-cosmologicaldialoguesbetweenAlbertino,Burchio,Elpino,Filoteo andFracastorioin“Del’infinitoUniversoetMondi”.Afterdemonstratingtheinfinity oftheuniversefromalogicandtheologicalpointofview,Filoteosays“Questoèquel che io dovevo aggiongere. Perché, dopo aver detto l’universo dover essereinfinito per la capacità ed attitudine del spacio infinito, e per la possibilità e convenienza dell’esserediinnumerabilimondi,comequesto;restaoraprovarlo...(Thisisindeed whatIhavetoadd;for,havingpronouncedthattheuniversemustitselfbeinfinite xi xii Preface becauseforthecapacityandaptnessofinfinitespace;onaccountalsoofthepossi- bility and convenience of accepting the existence of innumerable worlds like our own;thisnowstillremainstobeproven…”(https://www.faculty.umb.edu)). ScientistsareguidedintheirinvestigationofNaturebyideasbroughtbyphiloso- pherssaidin2013quantumphysicistFrancescaVidotto.Thecuriositytounderstand wherewecomefromandwherewearegoingtoiswithoutdoubtastrongdriving force.WhathappenedduringandaftertheBigBang,willtheacceleratedexpansion oftheUniversecontinueortheultimatefateoftheUniverseistoendinaBigRip insteadofaBigCrunch?Thesearesomeofthemanyquestionswithphilosophical implicationsraisedbymoderncosmology. Manytopicalresearchesareattheinterfacebetweenparticlephysics,astrophysics and cosmology, offering challenges and opportunities to each of these fields in a commonendeavour.Cosmologyhasbeenexploringtheearlyandthelateuniverse. Particle physicists have been studying the fundamental elementary particles, the smallest constituents of matter, and their interactions, the properties of antimatter as well as trying to unveil the reasons for the observed matter-antimatter imbal- ance. Astrophysicists have been studying the nature of astronomical objects and phenomena. However, many still unresolved questions in cosmology are today of commoninterest.Infact,understandingtheoriginandnatureofdarkmatter,eluci- dating the baryon asymmetry, might provide insight into our understanding of the earlyuniverse.WillabreakingofthestandardLambda–cold-dark-mattermodelof cosmology help to elucidate dark matter, dark energy and gravity? Will answer to suchquestionscomefromaccelerators,telescopesorgravitationalwaves?Orwillthe answercomefromcombinedeffortsofinteractingdisciplines?Manyarethephysi- cistsworkingtovalidateortoruleoutwithexperimentaldatasomeofthetheoretical modelsproposed,tryingtofindthemodelthatunifiesallforcesofnature,describing with a single theory all the phenomena in the Universe, from large to subatomic scale.Thankstothenewtechnologies,instrumentsandnewprobes,aswellastheir current analysis capability, scientists will provide answers to cosmological ques- tionsrelatedtotheearlyuniverse,thusunveilingnewphysics.Thenextdecadewill surelyseetheoreticalandexperimentalphysicistsandastrophysicistsanalysingand combining the multi-messenger observations collected, thus contributing to a big step forward in our understanding of the early and late Universe, a Universe that theysayis13.7billionyearsold.Askingourselves“DoestheUniversehaveabegin- ning?”“Dophysicallawsandcausalityapplytotheuniverseasawhole?”isasking scientificquestionswithaphilosophicalmeaning.Thediscourseaboutthelawsof natureunderlyingtheUniverseisexpressedinmathematicalterms,asGalileosaid, andsciencewillcontinuouslypushtheboundaryofhumanknowledgeintheattempt of providing a rational explanation of the world, whereas artists and philosophers willcontributebyfacilitatingourunderstandingandbystimulatingourperception. Clearly, any scientific truth is precarious, as it stays valid until it is not disproved, andthismakesscientificknowledgeanendlessprocess. Thefirstsectionofthebook“FromAstronomytoModernCosmology”iswritten by renowned theoretical physicists and is divided into three parts, reviewing the pastknowledgeandassumptionsaswellasthenewtheoriesandideas,mostofthem
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