Advances in Collaborative Civil Aeronautical Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

473 Pages·2010·22.401 MB·English

by  Kesseler, Ernst, Guenov, Marin D.(eds.)

Advances in Collaborative Civil
Aeronautical Multidisciplinary
Design Optimization
Edited by
ErnstKesseler
Katern 09
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Marin D. Guenov
Cranfield University
Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
Volume233
PROGRESSIN
ASTRONAUTICSANDAERONAUTICS
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Preface
THEobjectiveofthisbookistocontributetostate-of-the-artmultidisciplinary
design optimization (MDO) with results from a major recent industry-led
European research project on the virtual collaborative civil aeronautical
enterprise.
Thismultiauthoredpublicationistheend-productofanefforttosystematize,
putintocontext,anddisseminatethe outcome ofseveralinterrelated streams of
work for the benefit of the wider scientific community and practitioners in the
MDO field. A guiding principle during the compilation process was to follow
the phases of a generic design cycle as closely as possible. As such, the book
starts with chapters covering MDO issues at initial design stages and then
moves to more detailed design optimization. Similarly, wherever possible,
MDO applications are ordered by product complexity, from whole aircraft and
engine tosingle component optimization.
This approach is complemented by the presentation of MDO infrastructure
and business-related topics that contribute to the efficient functioning of the
virtual collaborative enterprise. These include, among others, automated multi-
partnerworkflows,productlifecyclemanagement,datasecurity,andprotection
of intellectual property rights. Such factors are of paramount importance when
considering the scale and complexity of an evolving multinational multipartner
consortium. The introductory chapter contains a more extensive overview of
the contents andcan serve asa guide for readers with specific interests.
Real world design cases have been used to verify all presented methods and
tools. As the majority of these are fairly generic, we believe that the text will
be ofinterest toawider readership,beyond the aeronautical domain.
We would like to acknowledge the support of the Sixth Framework
Programme of the European Community, priority 4, “Aeronautics and Space”
under which the Value Improvementthrough a Virtual Aeronautical Collabora-
tiveEnterprise(VIVACE)IntegratedProject(AIP3CT-2003-502917)waspartly
sponsored.
Also, we would like to extend our gratitude to all project partners who
contributed to this monumental effort. Finally, our deepest thank you goes to
ourpartners, family, andfriends for putting up with us during this process.
ErnstKesseler
Marin D. Guenov
July2009
xvii
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chapter 1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ErnstKesseler,Katern09,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;andMarinD.Guenov,
CranfieldUniversity,Bedfordshire,England,UnitedKingdom
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
EuropeanIndustry-LedResearchCollaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ProjectObjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
OutlineoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chapter 2. MDO atPredesign Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
MarinD.Guenov,PaoloFantini,LibishBalachandran,JeremyMaginot,
andMattiaPadulo,CranfieldUniversity,Cranfield,England,UnitedKingdom
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ComputationalWorkflowManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Multi-ObjectiveOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
SensitivityAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
DesignRobustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chapter 3. Helicopter Predesign Strategy: Design-to-Massor
Design-to-Cost? . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 73
JosStevensandJan-FlorisBoer,NationalAerospaceLaboratory(NLR),
Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;CyrilleSevin,EurocopterSaS,Marignane,
France;andJosVankanandWimLammen,NationalAerospaceLaboratory
(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
RotorcraftAnalysisTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
xi
xii
SpecificationofRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
PredesignMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
AnalysisFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Life-Cycle-CostModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Life-Cycle-CostModelinPredesignAnalysisTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
OptimizationMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter 4. Aeroelasticityand Sizing ina MultilevelModeling
Approach for Preliminary Design .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. 103
WolfR.Kru¨ger,GermanAerospaceCenter,Go¨ttingen,Germany;AnjaWetzel,
GermanAerospaceCenter,Braunschweig,Germany;MartinSpieck,German
AerospaceCenter,Go¨ttingen,Germany;andJensBaaran,GermanAerospace
Center,Braunschweig,Germany
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
BasisConsiderationsforaModularFrameworkfor
PreliminaryDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
SimulationToolbox—anApplicationofaModulefor
MultidisciplinaryDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Example:StructuralSizingofaTransportAircraftWing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
ResultsoftheSimulationandSizingProcessLoops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
SummaryandOutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 5. Multidisciplinary WingDesign Optimization . . .. . . .. 127
MartinLabanandPaulArendsen,NationalAerospaceLaboratory
(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
WingMDOFrameworkArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
ParametricGeometryGeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
WeightandBalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
StructuralWing-BoxOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
EngineSizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
FlightMechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
MissionAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
xiii
Chapter 6. Meta-Modelingand Multi-Objective
Optimization inAeronautic MDO . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . 155
W.J.Vankan,W.Lammen,andR.Maas,NationalAerospaceLaboratory
(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Introduction—MDA,MDO,andMOOinAeronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Meta-Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Optimization—MDA,MDO,andMOOinAeronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
CaseStudy:Multi-ObjectiveOptimizationofTransonic
WingDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Chapter 7. FuselageStructureOptimization . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . 193
Ste´phaneGrihon,AIRBUS,Toulouse,France;ManuelSamuelidesand
AntoineMerval,ONERA,Toulouse,France;AlainRemouchamps,
MichaelBruyneel,andBenoitColson,SAMTECH,Lie`ge,Belgium;
andKlausHertel,AIRBUS,Bremen,Germany
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
PresentationoftheTestCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
LocalOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
TightCoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
LooseCoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
AdditionalConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
RefinementofLocalOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 8. Pylon MultidisciplinaryOptimization . . .. . .. . . .. . . 249
Ste´phaneGrihon,MathieuMeaux,AlbertLucchetti,andPatrickSarouille,
AIRBUS,Toulouse,France;JulienLaurenceau,CERFACS,Toulouse,France;
andGe´raldCarrierandSylvainMouton,ONERA,Paris,France
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
PresentationoftheTestCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
SingleDisciplineOptimizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
IntegrationofStressandAerodynamicOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
IntegrationofStressandLoadsOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
xiv
Chapter 9. EngineMDO Deployed on aTwo-StageTurbine . . . .. 289
RolandParchemandBerndMeissner,Rolls-RoyceDeutschland,Dahlewitz,
Germany;MarcNagel,MTU,Munich,Germany;andErnstKesseler,
Katern09,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
RequirementsforEngineMDOandRobustDesignintheVirtualEnterprise . . . 291
RealizationoftheEngineMDOandRDintheVirtualEnterprise . . . . . . . . . . 295
MDOatAirfoilDesignPartnerinMunich,Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
High-PressureTurbineDiscAssemblyDesignOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
DesignFrameworkUsedatDiscDesignPartnerinBerlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
DesignFrameworkUsedatDiscPartnerinAmsterdam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Chapter 10. Usingthe Virtual-Enterprise-CollaborationHub
for Distributed EngineOptimization . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. 331
HolgerWenzel,EngineousSoftwareGmbH,Aachen,Germany;FredrikAlmyren,
VolvoAeroCorporation,Trollha¨ttan,Sweden;JohannesBarner,MTUAero
Engines,Munich,Germany;ErikBaalbergen,NationalAerospaceLaboratory
(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;BerndMeissner,Rolls-RoyceDeutschland
Dahlewitz,Germany;andMatsLindeblad,VolvoAeroCorporation,
Trollha¨ttan,Sweden
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
DescriptionoftheVECHub. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
GlobalOptimizationWorkflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
ConnectiontotheDDP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
ConnectiontotheTurbineLifeAssessmentPartner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Chapter 11. SecuringVirtual-Enterprise Collaboration . . . .. . . .. 365
MichelKamel,PaulSabatierUniversity,IRIT,Toulouse,France;ErnstKesseler,
Katern09,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;JeanPaulBuu-Sao,Transglobal
SecureCollaborationProgram,Toulouse,France;AbdelmalekBenzekri,
PaulSabatierUniversity,IRIT,Toulouse,France;ReneWiegers,National
AerospaceLaboratory(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;Franc¸oisBarre`re,
PaulSabatierUniversity,IRIT,Toulouse,France;BertSchultheiss,National
AerospaceLaboratory(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;RomainLaborde,
PaulSabatierUniversity,IRIT,Toulouse,France;andErikH.Baalbergen,
NationalAerospaceLaboratory(NLR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
xv
Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
CollaborativeEnvironmentsandSecurityConstraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
AccessControlArchitectureProposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
“WorkflowEngine”DescriptiveScenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
EnhancingtheAccessControlSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
SecuringtheVirtual-EnterpriseCollaborationHub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Appendix:DescriptionofaLogicalConnective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Chapter 12. EDMRF to Ensure Partners’ Collaboration
for Multidisciplinary Optimization . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . 393
FredericFe´ru,EADS,France;ThomasNguyenVanandPierre-LaurentFrossard,
Snecma,France;ErnstKesseler,Katern09,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;
andPascalGuellec,AIRBUSCimpa,France
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
VirtualEnterpriseandCollaborativeEnvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
TechnologicalGuidelinesandDrivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
EDMFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
ScenarioDescriptionandTestCaseRun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Appendix. VIVACE Partners . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 421
Index .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 425
Supporting Materials . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 437
Chapter 1
Overview
Ernst Kesseler(cid:1)
Katern 09, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and
Marin D. Guenov†
CranfieldUniversity, Bedfordshire,England, United Kingdom
Abbreviations
COTS¼commercial-off-the-shelf
EU¼European Union
IT¼instructional technology
MDO¼multidisciplinary design optimization
NSGA¼nondominated sorting genetic algorithm
SCC¼strongly connected components
TSCP¼TransglobalSecure Collaboration Program
VEC hub¼virtual-enterprise-collaboration hub
VIVACE¼valueimprovementthrough a virtual aeronautical
collaborative enterprise
WMD¼workflow management device
I. Introduction
THE objective of this book is to contribute to the state-of-the-art in
multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), presenting results from a
majorEuropeanresearchprojectonthecollaborativecivilaeronauticalenterprise.
Because the majority of the presented methods and tools are fairly generic,
Copyright # 2009 by the authors. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics,Inc.,withpermission.
(cid:1)Director.
†Professor.
1
2 E. KESSELER AND M. D. GUENOV
we believe that the text will be of interest to a wider readership, beyond the
aeronautical domain. Also anticipating that the book will find an audience
outside Europe, we begin this introductory chapter with a concise overview of
our European industry-led research collaboration. This is followed by a
summary of the objectives of the collaboration and the work related to MDO
inparticular.Thefinalsectionoutlinesthestructureofthebook,alsohighlighting
the major contributions of each chapter.
II. EuropeanIndustry-Led Research Collaboration
TheEuropeanUnion’s(EU)long-termstrategicresearchagenda inaeronau-
tics was set recently in a report entitled “European Aeronautics—a Vision for
2020” [1]. The underlying thesis of this report was that air transport would
play a key role in the global transport infrastructure of the 21st century. Vision
2020putforwardtwohigh-levelobjectives:tomeetsociety’sneedsforefficient
airtransportandtomakeEuropeaworldleaderinaeronautics.Resultingfromthis
vision were several dedicated research initiatives under the European Union
Framework 6 Program. More information on the organization, requirements,
and procedures of this framework program can be found on the Community
R&D Information Service website (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp6/stepbystep/
home.html). Here, we concentrate on a particular large-scale integrated project
entitled “Value Improvement through a Virtual Aeronautical Collaborative
Enterprise,” or VIVACE for short. Table 1 provides an overview of some of
the major characteristics of the collaboration. For organizational reasons most
oftheMDOworkwasperformedinadedicatedwork-package.However,asig-
nificant amount of MDO research and development was performed in several
otherwork-packages,whereitconstitutedpartofthoseactivities.
VIVACE was no exceptionto the EuropeanUnion policy tostimulate trans-
national collaboration between industry, research institutes, and universities,
with special attention to small- and medium-size enterprises. The distribution
of the consortium members shown in Fig. 1 uses this partner classification
Table1 MajorcharacteristicsofVIVACEEUcollaboration
Totalcollaboration MDOrelated
Parametersoftheproject
Value E72.8M E30.3M
Numberofpartners 63 39
Numberofwork-packages 17 7
Duration 4years 4years
Durationper1st/2nd/3rditeration 18/12/18months 18/12/18months
Output
Numberdeliverables 383þ101public 203þ51public
Identifiedreusableresults 141 55
Numberofpresentations, 48/61/35 15/18/11
forum1/forum2/forum3
Numberofpublications 85 27