Table Of Content

CONTENTS Contributors................................................................................ ix Preface ........................................................................................ xv Clinical and Analytical Review of Ischemia-Modified Albumin Measured by the Albumin Cobalt Binding Test Fred S. Apple 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 1 2. IMA and the ACB Test .................................................................... 2 3. Clinical Studies Review..................................................................... 3 4. Future Needs and Unanswered Questions ............................................... 8 5. Summary..................................................................................... 9 References.................................................................................... 9 Human Tissue Kallikreins: From Gene Structure to Function and Clinical Applications George M. Yousef, Christina V. Obiezu, Liu-Ying Luo, Angeliki Magklara, Carla A. BorgoN˜ o, Tadaaki Kishi, Nader Memari, Iacovos P. Michael, Michael Sidiropoulos, Lisa Kurlender, Katerina Economopolou, Carl Kapadia, Nahoko Komatsu, Constantina Petraki, Marc Elliott, Andreas Scorilas, Dionyssios Katsaros, Michael A. Levesque, and Eleftherios P. Diamandis 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 12 2. Discovery of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Locus: A Short Historical Perspective....................................................................... 13 3. Kallikreins in Rodents and Other Species................................................ 13 4. Characterization and Sequence Analysis of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Locus .................................................................................. 18 5. Structural Features of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Genes and Proteins............ 20 6. Sequence Variations of Human Kallikrein Genes....................................... 23 7. The Tissue Kallikreins in the Context of Other Serine Proteases in the Human Genome............................................................................. 24 v 8. Tissue Expression and Cellular Localization of the Kallikrein Genes................. 28 9. Regulation of Kallikrein Activity.......................................................... 30 10. Hormonal Regulation of Kallikreins...................................................... 37 11. Evolution of Kallikreins .................................................................... 38 12. Cross-Talk Between Kallikreins: A Possible Novel Enzymatic Cascade Pathway ............................................................................ 39 13. Isoforms and Splice Variants of the Human Kallikreins................................ 40 14. Kallikreins in Normal Physiology ......................................................... 41 15. Association of Kallikreins with Human Diseases........................................ 46 16. Kallikreins and Cancer ..................................................................... 53 17. Therapeutic Applications................................................................... 62 18. Future Directions............................................................................ 62 References .................................................................................... 64 Cholesterol and Lipids in Depression: Stress, Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, and Inflammation/Immunity Tiao-Lai Huang and Jung-Fu Chen 1. Introduction.................................................................................. 81 2. The Relationships Between Lipid Profile Levels, Depression, and Suicide Attempts............................................................................. 83 3. The Interactions Between Stress, Lipid Profiles, Cortisone/HPA Axis, and Inflammation/Immunity .................................................................... 91 4. Clinical Phenotypes in Depression and Molecular Levels .............................. 95 5. Conclusion ................................................................................... 96 References .................................................................................... 97 Advances on Biological Markers in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease Alessandro Padovani, Barbara Borroni, and Monica Di Luca 1. Introduction.................................................................................. 107 2. Biological Aspects of AD Pathogenesis................................................... 109 3. Diagnostic Issues ............................................................................ 113 4. Biological Markers and Early Diagnosis of AD ......................................... 115 5. CSF Biomarkers ............................................................................. 117 6. Peripheral Biomarkers ...................................................................... 119 7. Future Approaches in Preclinical Diagnosis of AD ..................................... 121 8. Conclusive Remarks ........................................................................ 122 References .................................................................................... 123 vi CONTENTS Endothelial Microparticles (EMP) as Vascular Disease Markers Joaquin J. Jimenez, Wenche Jy, Lucia M. Mauro, Laurence L. Horstman, Carlos J. Bidot, and Yeon S. Ahn 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 131 2. Characterization of EMPs ................................................................. 132 3. Methodology to Detect EMP.............................................................. 137 4. EMPs in Clinical Disease .................................................................. 143 5. Perspective ................................................................................... 151 References.................................................................................... 152 Proteomics in Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Stacy H. Shoshan and Arie Admon 1. Introduction to Proteomics ................................................................ 160 2. Modern Proteomic Technology ........................................................... 160 3. Proteins, Proteomics, and Patterns........................................................ 167 4. Accessing Biological Samples.............................................................. 169 5. Preparing and Resolving Complex Specimens........................................... 172 6. Standardization of Proteomic Approaches............................................... 174 7. Combining Modern Proteomic Technologies with Traditional Histopathology Techniques................................................................ 175 8. Practical Clinical Applications ............................................................ 176 9. Future Directions ........................................................................... 179 References.................................................................................... 180 Molecular Determinants of Human Longevity Francesco Panza, Alessia D’Introno, Anna M. Colacicco, Cristiano Capurso, Rosa Palasciano, Sabrina Capurso, Annamaria Gadaleta, Antonio Capurso, Patrick G. Kehoe, and Vincenzo Solfrizzi 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 185 2. Vascular Genetic Factors and Human Longevity....................................... 188 3. Inflammation and Immune Response in Human Longevity ........................... 198 4. Conclusions.................................................................................. 202 References.................................................................................... 203 CONTENTS vii Laboratory Findings of Caloric Restriction in Rodents and Primates Yoshikazu Higami, Haruyoshi Yamaza, and Isao Shimokawa 1. Introduction: Antiaging and Life Span–Extending Actions of Caloric Restriction .......................................................................... 211 2. Laboratory Findings in CR Rodents...................................................... 214 3. Laboratory Findings in CR Nonhuman Primates....................................... 226 4. Relevance to Humans....................................................................... 227 5. Interpretation of the Beneficial Actions of CR Based On the Adaptive Response Hypothesis........................................................................ 229 6. Conclusions .................................................................................. 232 References .................................................................................... 232 Immuno-PCR as a Clinical Laboratory Tool Michael Adler 1. Introduction: Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reaction—Principle of the Method................................................................................ 239 2. Assay Set-Up: Key Steps and Developments of the IPCR Method ................... 241 3. IPCR Applications: Dierent Target Antigens and Individual Strategies for Assay Improvement ......................................................................... 271 4. Rating of IPCR as a Tool for Clinical Applications .................................... 284 References .................................................................................... 286 Index............................................................................................ 293 viii CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. Michael Adler (239), Chimera Biotec GmbH, Biomedicinecenter Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Arie Admon (159), Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Yeon S. Ahn (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncol- ogy, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Fred S. Apple (1), Hennepin County Medical Center; Department of Labora- tory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415 Carlos J. Bidot (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Carla A. BorgoN˜ o (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Barbara Borroni (107), Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy Antonio Capurso (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Cristiano Capurso (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy ix Sabrina Capurso (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Jung-Fu Chen (81), Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, Republic of China Anna M. Colacicco (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Alessia D’Introno (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Eleftherios P. Diamandis (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Katerina Economopolou (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Marc Elliott (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Annamaria Gadaleta (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Yoshikazu Higami (211), Department of Pathology and Gerontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan Laurence L. Horstman (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Tiao-Lai Huang (81), Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, Republic of China x CONTRIBUTORS Joaquin J. Jimenez (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Wenche Jy (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Carl Kapadia (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Dionyssios Katsaros (11), Department of Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Turin, 10060 Turin, Italy Patrick G. Kehoe (185), Department of Care of the Elderly, University of Bristol, Bristol BS16 1LE, England Tadaaki Kishi (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada Nahoko Komatsu (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada Lisa Kurlender (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Michael A. Levesque (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada Monica Di Luca (107), Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy Liu-Ying Luo (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada CONTRIBUTORS xi Angeliki Magklara (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada Lucia M. Mauro (131), Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Wallace H. Coulter Platelet Laboratory, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 Nader Memari (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Iacovos P. Michael (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Christina V. Obiezu (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Alessandro Padovani (107), Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy Rosa Palasciano (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Francesco Panza (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Constantina Petraki (11), Department of Pathology, Evangelismos Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece Andreas Scorilas (11), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece Isao Shimokawa (211), Department of Pathology and Gerontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan Stacy H. Shoshan (159), Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel xii CONTRIBUTORS Michael Sidiropoulos (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada Vincenzo Solfrizzi (185), Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124 Bari, Italy Haruyoshi Yamaza (211), Department of Pathology and Gerontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan George M. Yousef (11), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada CONTRIBUTORS xiii