Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications

532 Pages·55.47 MB·English

by  Sikalidis C. (Ed.)

ADVANCES IN CERAMICS -
SYNTHESIS AND
CHARACTERIZATION,
PROCESSING AND SPECIFIC
APPLICATIONS

Edited by Costas Sikalidis
Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing
and Specific Applications
Edited by Costas Sikalidis

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia

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Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and
Specific Applications, Edited by Costas Sikalidis,
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-505-1
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Synthesis and Characterization of
Advanced Ceramic Materials 1
Chapter 1 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for
Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings -
Part 1: Four Elements and Less Systems 3
Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina
Chapter 2 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for
Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings -
Part 2: Multicomponent Systems 41
Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina
Chapter 3 Combustion Synthesis of Ceramic Powders with
Controlled Grain Morphologies 49
Guanghua Liu, Jiangtao Li and Kexin Chen
Chapter 4 Molten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders 75
Toshio Kimura
Chapter 5 Advanced SnO -Based Ceramics:
2
Synthesis, Structure, Properties 101
Mihaiu Maria Susana, Scarlat Oana,
Zuca Stefania and Zaharescu Maria
Chapter 6 Synthesis and Thermoluminescent
Characterization of Ceramics Materials 127
Teodoro Rivera
Chapter 7 Synthesis and Characterizations of
Ba(Mg Nb )O Powder 165
1/3 2/3 3
Wanwilai Vittayakorn and Rachanusorn Roongtao
VI Contents

Chapter 8 SiC/SiC Composite: Attainment Methods,
f
Properties and Characterization 173
Marcio Florian, Luiz Eduardo de Carvalho
and Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo
Chapter 9 Ceramic Preparation of Nanopowders and
Experimental Investigation of Its Properties 191
Sergey Bardakhanov, Vladimir Lysenko,
Andrey Nomoev and Dmitriy Trufanov
Part 2 Topics in Processing of Advanced Ceramic Materials 205
Chapter 10 Last Advances in Aqueous Processing of
Aluminium Nitride (AlN) - A Review 207
S.M. Olhero, F.L. Alves and J.M.F. Ferreira
Chapter 11 Advanced Design and Fabrication of Microwave
Components Based on Shape Optimization and 3D
Ceramic Stereolithography Process 243
N. Delhote, S. Bila, D. Baillargeat,
T Chartier and S Verdeyme
Chapter 12 Sinterability and Dielectric Properties of
ZnNb O – Glass Ceramic Composites 277
2 6
Manoj Raama Varma, C. P. Reshmi and P. Neenu Lekshmi
Chapter 13 Net-Shaping of Ceramic Components by
Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies 291
Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li and Jürgen G. Heinrich
Chapter 14 Optimization of Ceramics Grinding 311
Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar,
Anselmo Eduardo Diniz and Rubens Chinali Canarim
Chapter 15 Reducibility of Ceria-Based Materials Exposed
to Fuels and under Fuel/Air Gradients 337
Domingo Pérez-Coll, Pedro Núñez and Jorge R. Frade
Chapter 16 Reinforcement of Austenitic Manganese
Steel with (TiMo) Carbide Particles
Previously Synthesized by SHS 363
Jose Ignacio Erausquin
Chapter 17 Surface Equilibrium Angle for Anisotropic
Grain Growth and Densification Model
in Ceramic Materials 383
Sergio Cava, Sergio M. Tebcherani, Sidnei A. Pianaro,
Elson Longo and José A. Varela
Contents VII

Chapter 18 Microstructural Evolution in α-Al O
2 3
Compacts During Laser Irradiation 393
Marina Vlasova, Mykola Kakazey and
Pedro Antonio Márquez -Aguilar
Part 3 Special Topics in Advanced Ceramic Materials 421
Chapter 19 Ceramic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 423
H. A. Taroco, J. A. F. Santos,
R. Z. Domingues and T. Matencio
Chapter 20 Laser Applications of Transparent
Polycrystalline Ceramic 447
Qihong Lou, Jun Zhou, Yuanfeng Qi and Hong Cai
Chapter 21 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics
of the Solid Solution, BaCe Zr Y O
(x) (y-x) (1-y) 3-
Part I: Fabrication and Microstructure 479
W. Grover Coors
Chapter 22 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics
of the Solid Solution, BaCe Zr Y O
(x) (y-x) (1-y) 3-
Part II: Co-Ionic Conduction 501
W. Grover Coors

Preface

Today’s advanced ceramics, characterized by improved and specific properties, are
studied and/or utilized in a variety of manners in most if not all the scientific and
technological research fields, thus ultimately extending an impressive and multilateral
contribution via their numerous applications in a broad spectrum of areas.
To obtain such useful materials, conventional methods have been modified and vari-
ous innovative techniques have been developed many of which over the past recent
years.
Some of the most interesting such techniques/methods include: self propagating high
temperature synthesis for functional nanostructured materials, combustion and mol-
ten salt synthesis for ceramic powders with special characteristics, partial-pressureless
sintering and freeze-casting for high strength porous ceramics as well as hot isostatic
pressing for tin oxide ceramics with specific optical and other characteristics, precipita-
tion and sol-gel techniques followed by specific thermal treatments for thermo-
luminescent ceramics, modified sintering techniques for microwave dielectric ceram-
ics, chemical vapor deposition followed by pyrolysis under nitrogen conditions, argon
and hydrogen for SiC and other types of ceramic fibers.
Since advanced ceramics demonstrate specific properties, their characterization pre-
figures the employment of a combination of well known and advanced techniques for
material characterization like XRD, TEM-SEM, AFM, TG-DTA etc., with that of specif-
ic, advanced and in often times innovative techniques e.g. thermoluminescence.
Furthermore, the demand for advanced ceramics with specific applications enforced
the in-depth investigation in addition to the improvement and the optimization of
processing techniques as well as the development of new ones. The connection of pro-
cesses to the obtained properties of the ceramics, as well as with parameters such as ef-
ficiency, cost, environmental impact and others, are taken under consideration today
much more so than in the past.
Examples of the aforementioned research philosophy in problem-solving approaches
include: The healthier and more environmentally friendly production at lower and
more competitive costs for the nitride-based ceramics by aqueous processing that
X Preface

needs to be investigated considering the susceptibility to hydrolysis of the nitride
powders, particularly in the case of aluminium nitride. The shape and size optimiza-
tion problem of ceramic components for space and terrestrial telecommunication sys-
tems, which could be tackled by applying sophisticated design methodologies and
manufacturing technologies like the 3D stereolithography based rapid prototyping
technique. The high sintering temperature problem that precludes ZnNb -oxide ceram-
ics (used in the new era of communication technology) application potential in the
multilayer technologies (e.g. low temperature co-fired ceramics), which can be over-
come by the usage of nano-sized ZnNb-oxide powders instead of micron-size pow-
ders. The case of grinding optimization in which several aspects and parameters of the
process need to be carefully considered which include but are not limited to: the prop-
erties of grinding media and the work piece, the energy required and its transfor-
mation to heat, the temperature generated and its affection of the machined part, the
possible generation of undesired stresses. The potential of ceria-based and related ma-
terials as solid electrolytes for alternative solid oxide fuel cells, as catalysts etc, needs
to be connected to their redox behaviour and the corresponding effects imposed by
fuels and fuels conditions. The alloy reinforcement by the addition of ceramic material
to the molten metal, needs to overcome matching problems of ceramic materials and
molten metals by way of adding the ceramic particles in a complex carbide form pre-
paring a master alloy which in turn will be further used to produce composite castings
or parts composed e.g. by a matrix of austenite and discrete carbide particles. The
problems arising in certain applications of sintering, which consists the main operation
in powder technology, can be identified and described using modern techniques based
on the Atomic Force Microscopy, by determining the dihedral surface angle of defined
compacts sintered in solid-phase under certain conditions. The surface modification
and properties induced by a laser beam in pressings of ceramic powders.
Finally, research on new production technologies and on new raw materials led to the
development of many of today’s advanced ceramics with unique properties suitable
for modern applications, i.e. research on deposition technology of slurries or suspen-
sions constituted of ceramic powders, dispersants, binders, solvents and plasticizers
for the preparation of solid oxide fuel cells (environmentally friendly energy conver-
sion systems to produce electrical energy with minimal environmental impact) and of
perovskite type ceramics as cathodes, lanthanum strodiun manganites for high tem-
perature cells, zirconia and ceria based ceramics as well as lanthanum gallate as elec-
trolytes in the cells, yttria stabilized zirconia as anodes etc.; research on economical
and efficient fabrication techniques and on the properties of many ceramic materials
and components for lasers applications; research on fabrication, characterization and
modeling of protonic ceramics for applications in intermediate temperature fuel cells
and steam electrolyzers, hydrogen separation membranes, and various membrane re-
actors for chemical synthesis.
The current book contains twenty-two chapters and is divided into three sections.