advances in ceramics – electric and magnetic ceramics, bioceramics, ceramics and environment

562 Pages·2011·50.81 MB·English

by  Intech Prepress

ADVANCES IN CERAMICS –
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC
CERAMICS, BIOCERAMICS,
CERAMICS AND
ENVIRONMENT

Edited by Costas Sikalidis
Advances in Ceramics – Electric and Magnetic Ceramics,
Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment
Edited by Costas Sikalidis

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech
All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons
Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,
distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original
work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors
have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication,
referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Jan Hyrat
Image Copyright Jennifer Stone, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com

First published August, 2011
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Advances in Ceramics – Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics,
Ceramics and Environment, Edited by Costas Sikalidis
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-350-7
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Topics in Electric and Magnetic Ceramics 1
Chapter 1 Preparation and Properties of BaTiO and
3
Ba(Zr,Ti)O Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering 3
3
Hiroshi Maiwa
Chapter 2 Integrated Piezoceramics
as a Base of Intelligent Actuators 23
Frank Bärecke, Muhammed Abed Al Wahab and Roland Kasper
Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Processing, Structural
and Dielectric Properties of PMN-PT Ferroelectric
Ceramics at Compositions Around the MPB 43
Eudes Borges Araújo
Chapter 4 Advances in Engineering and Applications
of Hexagonal Ferrites in Russia 61
Marina Y. Koledintseva, Alexey E. Khanamirov,
and Alexander A. Kitaitsev
Chapter 5 Local Structure of Relaxor Dielectric Ceramics 87
Yun Liu and Ray L. Withers
Chapter 6 Diffuse Dielectric Anomalies
in CoTiO at High Temperatures 103
3
C. C. Wang, M. N. Zhang,
G. J. Wang, and K. B. Xu
Chapter 7 Polymer Based Nanodielectric Composites 115
Daniel Tan and Patricia Irwin
Chapter 8 Ceramic Based Intelligent Piezoelectric
Energy Harvesting Device 133
Imran Patel
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Modeling and Identification of Parameters
the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems 155
Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda
Chapter 10 Influence of Dopants, Temperature and Atmosphere
of Sintered on the Microstructure and Behavior
of Lead Free Ceramics 177
Maria A. Zaghete, Francisco Moura, Alexandre Z. Simões,
José A.Varela and Elson Longo
Chapter 11 Glass Ceramics with Para, Anti or
Ferroelectric Active Phases 213
Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça
and Manuel Almeida Valente
Chapter 12 Evaluation on Structure Modification and
Properties of (Ba1-xSrx)(Ti1-y Zry)O3 Ceramics
by using Rietveld Method 293
Hong-Hsin Huang, Hsin-Hsiung Chiu,
Nan-Chung Wu and Moo-Ching Wang
Chapter 13 Structural, Morphological, Magneto-Transport
and Thermal Properties of Antimony Substituted
(La,Pr) Ba Mn Sb O Perovskite Manganites 307
2/3 1/3 1-x x 3
Neeraj Panwar, Indrani Coondoo,
Vikram Sen and S. K. Agarwal
Chapter 14 Metal Oxide ZnO-Based Varistor Ceramics 329
Mohammad Reza Meshkatoddini
Part 2 Topics in Bioceramics 357
Chapter 15 Biocompatibility 359
Waleed Elshahawy
Chapter 16 The Role of Aluminium Ceramics in
Total Hip Arthroplasty 379
Wedemeyer Christian and Kauther Max Daniel
Chapter 17 Application of Zirconia in Dentistry:
Biological, Mechanical and Optical Considerations 397
Cláudia Ângela Maziero Volpato,
Luis Gustavo D´Altoé Garbelotto,
Márcio Celso Fredel and Federica Bondioli
Chapter 18 The Rationale for Silicon Nitride
Bearings in Orthopaedic Applications 421
B. Sonny Bal and Mohamed Rahaman
Contents VII

Chapter 19 Marine-Based Carbon and Silicon Carbide Scaffolds with
Patterned Surface for Tissue Engineering Applications 433
Miriam López-Álvarez, Julia Serra,
Alejandro de Carlos and Pío González
Chapter 20 ZrO -Bioglass Dental Ceramics:
2
Processing, Structural and Mechanics Characterization 451
Luiz A. Bicalho, Carlos A. R. P. Baptista, Miguel J. R. Barboza,
Claudinei dos Santos and Renato C. Souza
Chapter 21 Comparison of Apatite-Wollastonite Glass-Ceramic
and β-tricalcium Phosphate used as Bone Graft
Substitutes after Curettage of Bone Cysts 473
Pavel Sponer, Karel Urban and Tomas Kucera
Part 3 Topics in Ceramics and Environment 485
Chapter 22 Development of Potassium Polytitanates
Nanoadsorbents for the Removal of Lead
Ions from Water - Dynamic Processes 487
Aguilar González Miguel Ángel
Chapter 23 Metal Stabilization Mechanisms in Recycling
Metal-Bearing Waste Materials for Ceramic Products 511
Kaimin Shih and Xiuqing Lu
Chapter 24 Using Ceramic Materials in Ecoefficient
Concrete and Precast Concrete Products 533
César Medina, M. I. Sánchez de Rojas,
Moisés Frías and Andrés Juan

Preface

Ceramic materials research is currently increasing as ceramics entail a quickly
expanding field due to the vast range of both traditional and special applications in
accordance to their characteristics and properties. Electric and magnetic ceramics,
bioceramics and ceramics related to the improvement of environmental parameters,
consist important areas of research demonstrating high potential and particularly
great interest. Research in these fields requires combined knowledge from several
scientific fields of study (engineering, physical sciences, biology, chemistry, medicine)
rendering them highly interdisciplinary. Consequently, for optimal research progress
and results, close communication and collaboration of various differently trained
researchers such as medical doctors, bioscientists, chemists, physicists and engineers
(chemical, mechanical, electrical) is vital.
Some of today’s most interesting research topics in the electric and magnetic ceramics,
included in this volume, are covered by discussing studies on: Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 and
BaTiO3 ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering targeting to the fabrication of
lead-free piezoelectrics; the influence of Sr and Zr content on the dielectric properties
of (Ba1-xSrx)(Ti0.5Zr0.5)O3 ceramics; the influence of various dopants and manufacturing
parameters on properties; integrated piezoceramics as a base of intelligent actuators;
the ceramic based intelligent piezoelectric energy harvesting devices and of ultrasonic
piezoelectric ceramic power transducers. Additionally several other studies are discussed like,
the studies of advanced PMN-PT ferroelectric systems and of modern types of
hexaferrites in connection to their applications in agriculture, medicine, computer
engineering, telecommunication and television. Also, the studies of relaxor dielectrics,
of the dielectics anomalies at high temperatures, of the properties of polymer based
nanodielectrics and those of glass ceramics with para, anti or ferroelectric active
phases, are developed in this book. The studies on structural, morphological, magneto-
transport and thermal properties of antimony substituted (La,Pr)2/3Ba1/3Mn1-xSbxO3
perovskite manganites and of metal oxide ZnO-based varistor ceramics used to protect
circuits against excessive voltages are also discussed.
Ceramics are now commonly used in the medical fields giving rise to the category of
ceramics termed “bioceramics”. Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that
are biocompatible, non-toxic and non-inflammation causing. These materials must
encompass certain properties and to be used in certain applications it is required to be,
X Preface

bioinert (not interactive with biological systems), bioactive (can undergo interfacial
interactions with surrounding tissues), biodegradable, soluble or resorbable
(eventually replaced or incorporated into tissue). Much work has been carried out the
last years on bioceramics since there is a great demand on the market of biomedical
applications. Ambitious goals appeared in the field including developing sensing
devices made with ceramics and organic matter (i.e., collagen), developing ceramics
with piezoelectric properties, manufacturing electromagnetic wave-sensing ceramics
or composites for transfer of energy in the eye or the ear as well as for nerve signal
transduction. Also, the combination of nanotechnology and biomaterials seems to
have unlimited potential for future applications.
Some very interesting topics from today’s research in bioceramics, included in this
volume, are: The studies on biocompatibility; studies on the Role of Aluminum
Ceramics in Total Hip Arthroplasty assisting the development of new ceramic
components that will be beneficial for patients; the biological, mechanical and optical
properties of zirconia dental ceramics which have emerged as versatile and promising
materials; the studies of silicon nitride ceramics and the rationale for their use in
biomedical applications; the marine-based carbon and silicon carbide scaffolds with
patterned surface for tissue engineering applications; the use of bioglass additive in
zirconia for reducing the latter’s sintering temperature and production cost while
maintaining the biocompatibility of the final product; the comparative studies in
patients after implantation of apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic and b-tricalcium
phosphate used to fill the bones after curettage of bone cycts
Furthermore, the role of ceramics in the field of environmental protection has been
increasing drastically over the last years. Environmental cleaning/decontamination,
stabilizing toxic and hazardous elements, waste treatment and recycling,
environmental conservation, ecological building, protection from electromagnetic
fields and radiation are some of the today’s fields of research in the brad area that
relates ceramics to the environment.
Rather interesting research, included in this volume, is focused on water cleaning from
toxic elements, through the development of techniques for obtaining potassium
polytitanate nanoabsorbent ceramics for the removal of lead ions from water. Other
interesting included is research on the developments in stabilization mechanisms,
incorporation efficiencies, metal leaching properties of product phases aiming to
stabilize metal bearing toxic wastes by incorporation into the matrix of ceramic
products. Ceramics’ production result to thousand of tones of wastes and very useful
research is underway on the utilization of these wastes in ecoefficient concrete and
precast concrete products.
The current book consists of twenty-four chapters divided into three sections.
Section I includes fourteen chapters in electric and magnetic ceramics which are
dealing with modern specific research on dielectrics and their applications, on