ADVANCES IN CERAMICS ARMOR VI: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 31

260 Pages·20.632 MB·English

Advances in
Ceramic Armor VI
Advances in
Ceramic Armor VI
A Collection of Papers Presented at the
34th International Conference on Advanced
Ceramics and Composites
January 24-29, 2010
Daytona Beach, Florida
Edited by
Jeffrey J. Swab
Volume Editors
Sanjay Mathur
Tatsuki Ohji
) WILE Y
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Copyright © 2010 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface ix
Introduction xi
Inspecting Composite Ceramic Armor Using Advanced Signal 1
Processing Together with Phased Array Ultrasound
J. S. Steckenrider, W. A. Ellingson, E.R. Koehl, and T. J. Meitzler
A Comparison of NDE Methods for Inspection of Composite 13
Ceramic Armor
W. A. Ellingson and E.R. Koehl, T. J. Meitzler, L. P. Franks, and
J. S. Steckenrider
NDT Characterization of Boron Carbide for Ballistic Applications 25
Dimosthenis Liaptsis, Ian Cooper, Nick Ludford, Alec Gunner, Mike Williams,
David Willis, Colin Roberson, Lucian Falticeanu, and Peter Brown
Advanced Nondestructive Ultrasound Characterization of 37
Transparent Spinel
A. R. Portune and R. A. Haber
Optimization of a Portable Microwave Interference Scanning System 47
for Nondestructive Testing of Multi-Layered Dielectric Materials
K. F. Schmidt, Jr., J. R. Little, Jr., W. A. Ellingson, L. P. Franks, and W. Green
Corrective Techniques for the Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation 57
of Ceramic Materials
S. Bottiglieri and R. A. Haber
Quantitative Evaluation of Structural Damage in Lightweight Armor 69
Materials Via XCT
William H. Green, Kyu C. Cho, Jonathan S. Montgomery, and Herbert Miller
v
Static and Dynamic Properties of Mg/Ceramic MMCs 79
M. K. Aghajanian, A. L. McCormick, A. L. Marshall, W. M. Waggoner, and
P. K Karandikar
Impact Study of AIN-AION Composite 87
Kakoli Das, Monamul Haque Dafadar, Rajesh Kumar Varma, and
Sampad Kumar Biswas
Ballistic Evaluation and Damage Characterization of Metal-Ceramic 97
Interpenetrating Composites for Light Armor Applications
Hong Chang, Jon Binner, and Rebecca Higginson
Effect of an Interface on Dynamic Crack Propagation 105
Hwun Park and Weinong Chen
Dynamic Equation of State and Strength of Boron Carbide 115
Dennis E. Grady
Multiscale Modeling of Armor Ceramics 143
Reuben H. Kraft, Iskander Batyrev, Sukbin Lee, A. D. Rollett, and Betsy Rice
Future Transparent Materials Evaluated through Parametric 159
Analysis
Costas G. Fountzoulas and James M. Sands
Nano-Processing for Larger Fine-Grained Windows of Transparent 167
Spinel
Andreas Krell, Thomas Hutzler, Jens Klimke, and Annegret Potthoff
Experimental Methods for Characterization and Evaluation of 183
Transparent Armor Materials
E. Strassburger, M. Hunzinger, J. W. McCauley, and P. Patel
Method for Producing SiC Armor Tiles of Higher Performance at 199
Lower Cost
Bhanu Chelluri, Edward Knoth, Edward Schumaker, and Lisa P. Franks
Development of Biomorphic SiSiC- and C/SiSiC-Materials for 207
Lightweight Armor
Bernhard Heidenreich, Matteo Crippa, Heinz Voggenreiter Elmar Straßburger,
Heiner Gedon, and Marco Nordmann
Influence of Impurities on Stacking Fault Dynamics in SiC under 221
External Loading
Vladislav Domnich and Richard A Haber
Evolution of the AIN Distribution during Sintering of Aluminium 231
Nitride Doped Silicon Carbide
N. Ur-rehman, P. Brown, and L. J. Vandeperre
vi · Advances in Ceramic Armor VI
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Performance of 239
Magnesium Aluminum Boride (MgAIB )
14
Michael L. Whittaker, Raymond A. Cutler, James Campbell, and
Jerry La Salvia
Microstructural Development and Phase Changes in Reaction 251
Bonded Boron Carbide
P. G. Karandikar, S. Wong, G. Evans, and M. K. Aghajanian
Author Index 261
Advances in Ceramic Armor VI · vii
Preface
The Armor Ceramics Symposium was held January 25-27, 2010 in Daytona Beach,
FL as part of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced
Ceramics and Composites. The 8th edition of this symposium consisted of over 65
oral and poster presentations on topics such as Impact, Penetration and Material
Modeling, Boron Carbide, Silicon Carbide, Dynamic Material Behavior, Transpar-
ent Materials, and NDE Applications. The symposium continues to foster discus-
sion and collaboration between academic, government and industry personnel from
around the globe.
On behalf of the organizing committee I would like to thank the presenters, au-
thors, session chairs and manuscript reviewers for their efforts in making the sym-
posium and the associated proceedings a success. As special thanks goes to Marilyn
Stoltz and Greg Geiger of The American Ceramic Society who was always there to
answer my questions and provide the guidance and administrative support neces-
sary to ensure a successful symposium.
JEFFREY J. SWAB
IX
Introduction
This CESP issue represents papers that were submitted and approved for the pro-
ceedings of the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Compos-
ites (ICACC), held January 24-29, 2010 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the
most prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional,
and nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and
technologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by The American Ce-
ramic Society's (ACerS) Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) since 1977.
The conference was organized into the following symposia and focused ses-
sions:
Symposium 1 Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and
Composites
Symposium 2 Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental,
and Functional Applications
Symposium 3 7th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
(SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology
Symposium 4 Armor Ceramics
Symposium 5 Next Generation Bioceramics
Symposium 6 International Symposium on Ceramics for Electric Energy
Generation, Storage, and Distribution
Symposium 7 4th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and
Nanocomposites: Development and Applications
Symposium 8 4th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and
Manufacturing Technologies (APMT) for Structural and
Multifunctional Materials and Systems
Symposium 9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications
Symposium 10 Thermal Management Materials and Technologies
Symposium 11 Advanced Sensor Technology, Developments and
Applications
XI
Focused Session 1 Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers
Focused Session 2 Global Mineral Resources for Strategic and Emerging
Technologies
Focused Session 3 Computational Design, Modeling, Simulation and
Characterization of Ceramics and Composites
Focused Session 4 Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases)
The conference proceedings are published into 9 issues of the 2010 Ceramic En-
gineering and Science Proceedings (CESP); Volume 31, Issues 2-10, 2010 as out-
lined below:
• Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Com-
posites V, CESP Volume 31, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium 1)
• Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Interfaces V, Volume 31, Issue 3 (includes
papers from Symposium 2)
• Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI, CESP Volume 31, Issue 4 (includes
papers from Symposium 3)
• Advances in Ceramic Armor VI, CESP Volume 31, Issue 5 (includes papers
from Symposium 4)
• Advances in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics III, CESP Volume 31, Issue 6
(includes papers from Symposia 5 and 9)
• Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology IV, CESP Volume 31, Issue 7
(includes papers from Symposium 7)
• Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and
Multifunctional Materials IV, CESP Volume 31, Issue 8 (includes papers
from Symposium 8)
• Advanced Materials for Sustainable Developments, CESP Volume 31, Issue
9 (includes papers from Symposia 6, 10, and 11)
• Strategic Materials and Computational Design, CESP Volume 31, Issue 10
(includes papers from Focused Sessions 1, 3 and 4)
The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these pro-
ceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless
dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere
thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference atten-
dees, for their efforts and enthusiastic participation in the vibrant and cutting-edge
conference.
ACerS and the ECD invite you to attend the 35th International Conference on
Advanced Ceramics and Composites (http://www.ceramics.org/icacc-ll) January
23-28, 2011 in Daytona Beach, Florida.
Sanjay Mathur and Tatsuki Ohji, Volume Editors
July 2010
xii · Advances in Ceramic Armor VI
Advances in Ceramic Armor VI
Edited by Jeffrey J. Swab
Copyright © 2010 The American Ceramic Society
INSPECTING COMPOSITE CERAMIC ARMOR USING ADVANCED SIGNAL
PROCESSING TOGETHER WITH PHASED ARRAY ULTRASOUND
J. S. Steckenrider
Illinois College
Jacksonville, IL
W. A. Ellingson and E.R. Koehl
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois USA
T.J. Meitzler
US Army, TARDEC
Warren, MI
ABSTRACT
A series of 16-inch square by 2-inch thick, multi-layered ceramic composite armor
specimens have been inspected using a 128 element, 10MHz immersion phased array ultrasound
system. Some of these specimens had intentional design defects inserted interior to the
specimens. Because of the very large changes in acoustic velocities of the various layered
materials, ultrasonic wave propagation is problematic. Further, since the materials used in the
layers were stacked such that a lower elastic modulus material was on one side and a higher
elastic modulus material was on the other, the side selected for ultrasonic insonification became
a significant parameter. To overcome some aspects of the issues with the acoustic wave
propagation, two digital signal processing methods were employed. These were: 1)- use of fast
Fourier transforms (FFT) and 2)-an integrated signal analysis. Each method has strengths and
weaknesses with application in part dependent upon the side of sample used for insonification.
The results clearly show that use of these methods significantly improves defect detection. This
paper presents the details of the samples used, the issues with ultrasonic wave propagation, a
discussion of the two digital signal processing algorithms and results obtained.
INTRODUCTION
Ceramic armor for vehicles offers significant potential improvement over historical
materials as it provides a greater capacity for energy absorption and dissipation per unit mass,
achieved through very high fracture toughness. However, unlike their metallic predecessors,
ceramic materials are much more vulnerable to manufacturing defects, as any such flaws can
dramatically reduce that high toughness, thereby compromising the armor's ability to protect
military personnel. Thus, an efficient non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method which can
identify these defects before the armor is placed into service is critical to their effectiveness1.
Conventional ultrasonic techniques have been used to both locate and characterize such defects
in the monolithic ceramic tiles that make up the "backbone" of these armor panels2'3.
Furthermore, phased-array ultrasound4 (PA-UT) has demonstrated significant improvement over
these methods5 as it offers both enhanced sensitivity and markedly improved throughput67.
While PA-UT has clearly demonstrated its performance with regard to the monolithic
tiles themselves, actual implementation of ceramic armor incorporates these monolithic tiles into
1