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ADVANCES IN CANCER RESEARCH VOLUME 20 Contributors to This Volume Heinz Bauer Michael H. Levy Max M. Burger G. J. V. Nostal P. 1. Grover Annette M. C. Rapin Sir Alexander Haddow P. Sims E. Frederick Wheelock ADVANCES IN CANCER RESEARCH Edited by GEORGE KLEIN Department of Tumor Biology Karolinska lnstitutet Stockholm, Sweden SIDNEY WEINHOUSE Fels Research Institute Temple University Medical School Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Consulting Editor ALEXANDER HADDOW Chester Beatty Research Institute Institute of Cancer Research Royal Cancer Hospital London, England Volume 20-7974 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Horcourt Brace Jovonovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT 0 1974, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART O F THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York. New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road. London N W l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 52-1 3360 ISBN 0- 12-006620-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 20 . . . . . . . . . ix Tumor Cell Surfaces: General Alterations Detected by Agglutinins ANNETTE M. C. RAPIN AND MAX M. BURGER I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformed State . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Discussion on Possible Mechanisms of Agglutination . . . . IV. Relevance of Cell Surface Alterations in Growth Control . . . , V. Surface Changes in the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . VI. Survey of Chemical Differences Found in the Surfaces of Transformed Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Correlation between Lectin Binding, Agglutinability, and the Principles of Immunological Tolerance and lmmunocyte Receptor Blockade G. J. V. NOSSAL I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Background Concepts about the Mechanism of Action of Antigens . 111. Possible Levels for Immunity-Tolerance Signal Discrimination . . IV. Tolerance Induced in T and B Lymphocytes by Soluble, Oligovalent Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Repeating Determinants . . . . . . . . . Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Effector Cell Blockade by Multivalent Antigens . . . . . VIII. Suppressor T Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Relevance of Tolerance and Effector Cell Blockade to Cancer . . X. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Tolerance Induced in T and B Lymphocytes by Antigens Possessing VI. Tolerance in T and B Lymphocytes Produced by Antigen-Antibody The Role of Macrophages in Defense against Neoplastic Disease MICHAEL H. LEVY AND E. FREDERICK WHEELOCK I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. RES and Tumor Resistance . . . . . . . . . . 111. Macrophages and Tumor Resistance . . . . . . . . IV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 1 4 20 43 66 71 77 78 93 95 99 103 108 113 116 119 122 125 126 131 134 137 155 156 vi CONTENTS Epoxides in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism and Carcinogenesis P. Sixrs AND P. L. GROVER I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . 111. Synthesis of Epoxy Derivatives of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . IV. Metabolic Formation of Epoxides Derived from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Metabolic Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Epoxides . VI. Chemical Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Epoxides . Constituents of Rodent Cells in Culture . . . . . . . Epoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Properties of Epoxides Formed on Olefinic Double Bonds Conjugated with Aromatic Ring Systems . . . . . . . . . . X. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Epoxides with VIII. Biological Effects Produced by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Virion and Tumor Cell Antigens of C-Type RNA Tumor Viruses HEINZ BAUER I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Morphogenesis and Ultrastructure . . . . . . . . 111. Physical Properties and Chemical Coinposition . . . . . . IV. Virus-Specific Structural Proteins . . . . . . . . . V. Virus-Directed Intracellular Antigens . . . . . . . . VI. Virus-Induced Cell Surface Antigens . . . . . . . . VII. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 167 184 191 213 223 232 239 253 256 262 275 278 280 283 299 302 328 329 Addendum to "Molecular Repair, Wound Healing, and Carcinogenesis: Tumor Production a Possible Overhea I in g?" SIR ALEXANDER HADDOW I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 11. Repair Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 111. Wound Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 IV. Xeroderma Piginentosum . . . . . . . . . . 356 CONTENTS vii V . The Implication of DNA. and the Bacterial Analogy . . . . . 357 VI . Repair and Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . 358 VII . Therapeutic Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . 360 VIII . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . 373 This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 20 Numbers in parentheses refer to the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. HEINZ BAUER,’ Robert Koch-lnstitut, Berlin, Germany (275) MAX M. BURGER, Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Szcitzerland (1) P. L. GROVER, Chester Beatt!l Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research: Royal Cancer Hospital, London, England ( 165) SIR ALEXANDER HADDOW,~ Pollards Wood Research Station of the Chester Beatty Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research: Royal Cancer Hospital, London, England (343) MICHAEL H. LEVY, Department of Microliiology, Thomas Jefferson Uni- versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ( 131) G. J. V. NOSSAL, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (93) ANNEITE M. C. RAPIN, Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum, Uni- versity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ( 1 ) P. SIMS, Chester Beatty Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research: Royal Cancer Hospital, London, England (165) E. FREDERICK WHEELOCK, Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson Universit!y, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ( 131) Present address: Institut fiir Virologie, Bereich Human-Medizin, Frankfurter ’ Present address: The Lodge, Pollards Wood Research Station, Nightingales Lane, Strasse 107, 63 Ciessen, West Germany. Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SN, England. ix