Advances in Brain Imaging

204 Pages·2001·5.454 MB·English

by  John M. Morihisa

Advances in
Brain Imaging
Review of Psychiatry Series
John M. Oldham, M.D.
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S.
Series Editors
Advances in
Brain Imaging
EDITED BY
John M. Morihisa, M.D.
No. 4
Washington, DC
London, England
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Copyright © 2001 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1
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The correct citation for this book is
Morihisa JM (editor): Advances in Brain Imaging (Review of Psychiatry Series,
Volume 20, Number 4; Oldham JM and Riba MB, series editors). Washington,
DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Advances in brain imaging / edited by John M. Morihisa.
p. ; cm. — (Review of psychiatry ; v. 20, no. 4)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58562-028-9 (alk. paper)
1. Brain—Imaging. 2. Mental illness—Diagnosis. I. Morihisa, John M., 1951–
II.Review of psychiatry series ; v. 20, 4.
[DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders—diagnosis. 2. Brain—physiopathology. 3. Brain
Mapping—methods. 4. Diagnostic Imaging—methods. 5. Psychiatry—methods.
WM 141
A2445 2001]
RC473.B7 A35 2001
616.89′075—dc21
2001016043
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Cover photograph: Copyright © 2001 Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
Contents
Contributors ix
Introduction to the Review of Psychiatry Series xi
John M. Oldham, M.D., and
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S., Series Editors
Foreword xv
John M. Morihisa, M.D.
Chapter 1
Functional Brain Imagingin
Psychiatry: The Next Wave 1
Joseph H. Callicott, M.D.
Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI) in Psychiatry 3
A Dynamic Approach to Brain
Mapping in Psychiatry 8
Magnetic Resonance and GeneticSusceptibility 15
Conclusions 17
References 18
Chapter 2
Cognitive Neuroscience: The New
Neuroscience of the Mind and
ItsImplications for Psychiatry 25
Cameron S. Carter, M.D.
Executive Functions and the Brain 27
ACC and Performance Monitoring 29
DLPFC and Top-Down Control 32
Impaired Executive Functions in
Schizophrenia: Role of DLPFC and ACC 36
DLPFC and Impaired Executive
Functions in Schizophrenia 38
ACC and Impaired Performance
Monitoring in Schizophrenia 41
Overcontrol and Dysfunctional Performance
Monitoring in OCD: Role of the ACC 43
Conclusions 45
References 47
Chapter 3
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in
Children and Adolescents: Implications for
Research on Emotion 53
Daniel S. Pine, M.D.
Developmental Psychopathology Perspectives
Applied to Mood and AnxietyDisorders 55
Data Implicating Neural Circuits in
Pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders 59
Using fMRI to Probe Developmental
Dysfunction in Neural Circuits 66
Conclusions 74
References 75
Chapter 4
Brain Structure and Function in
Late-Life Depression 83
Harold A. Sackeim, Ph.D.
Brain Structural Abnormalities: Encephalomalacia 84
Etiology of Encephalomalacia 91
Pathophysiology of Encephalomalacia 94
Volumetric Brain Structural Abnormalities 97
Functional Brain Abnormalities 105
Treatment and Recovery Effects in
Late-Life Depression 110
Conclusions 113
References 115
Chapter 5
Neuroimaging Studies of Major Depression 123
Wayne C. Drevets, M.D.
Overview of the Imaging Research Program 124
Neurophysiological Imaging
Studies of Major Depression 127
Functional Anatomical CorrelatesofDepression 138
Anatomic Circuits Implicated in MDD 153
Histopathological Findings in the
L-T-C and L-C-S-P-T Circuits 154
Clinical Implications and
Directions for Future Studies 158
References 159
Afterword 171
John M. Morihisa, M.D.
Index 175

Contributors
Joseph H. Callicott, M.D.
Chief, Unit on Functional MRI, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health/National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
Cameron S. Carter, M.D.
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Wayne C. Drevets, M.D.
Chief, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, NIMH, Bethesda,
Maryland; Associate Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and
Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John M. Morihisa, M.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Albany Medical College; Capital
District Psychiatric Center, Albany, New York
John M. Oldham, M.D.
Dollard Professor and Acting Chairman, Department of Psychiatry,
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York,
New York
Daniel S. Pine, M.D.
Head of Developmental Studies, Program on Mood and Anxiety,
Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S.
Associate Chair for Education and Academic Affairs, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Harold A. Sackeim, Ph.D.
Chief, Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State
Psychiatric Institute; Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and
Radiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia
University, New York
Contributors ix