Advances in aquaculture hatchery technology

670 Pages·2013·11.985 MB·English

by  Geoff Allan, Gavin Burnell

Advances in aquaculture
hatchery technology
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Related titles:
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(ISBN 978-0-85709-016-4)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition:
Number 242
Advances in aquaculture
hatchery technology
Edited by
Geoff Allan and Gavin Burnell
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
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ISSN 2042-8057 Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details ......................................................................... xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology
and Nutrition ............................................................................................... xix
Foreword ...................................................................................................... xxix
Preface .......................................................................................................... xxxi
Part I Reproduction and larval rearing ................................................ 1
1 Aquaculture hatchery water supply and treatment systems ........ 3
O.-I. Lekang, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
1.1 Introduction............................................................................ 3
1.2 The water supply and its main components ...................... 6
1.3 Water treatment systems ...................................................... 8
1.4 Future trends .......................................................................... 20
1.5 References .............................................................................. 20
2 Principles of fi nfi sh broodstock management in aquaculture:
control of reproduction and genetic improvement ........................ 23
N. J. Duncan, IRTA, Spain and A. K. Sonesson and H. Chavanne,
Nofi ma, Norway
2.1 Introduction............................................................................ 23
2.2 Control of reproduction ....................................................... 24
2.3 Critical points in the control of reproduction: forming
a broodstock, culture environment and nutrition ............. 28
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vi Contents
2.4 Environment during gametogenesis and spawning:
the optimal environment ...................................................... 36
2.5 Sub-optimal environment: reproductive dysfunctions ...... 39
2.6 Egg quality and incubation .................................................. 42
2.7 Management points: fecundity, out-of-season spawning
and sexual differentiation ..................................................... 44
2.8 Gamete stripping and spawning .......................................... 51
2.9 Genetic improvement: traits, breeding values and
application of genomic resources ........................................ 53
2.10 Genetic improvement: risks, evidence of genetic
response and current research programs in Europe ........ 60
2.11 Conclusion .............................................................................. 65
2.12 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 66
2.13 References .............................................................................. 66
3 Cryopreservation of gametes for aquaculture and alternative
cell sources for genome preservation .............................................. 76
C. Labbé, INRA, France and V. Robles and M. P. Herraez,
University of León, Spain
3.1 Introduction............................................................................ 76
3.2 Gamete cryopreservation in aquacultured species ........... 77
3.3 Sperm cryopreservation methods and adaptation to
hatcheries ................................................................................ 82
3.4 Trials on egg and embryo cryopreservation ...................... 88
3.5 Genetic integrity and epigenetic perspective .................... 93
3.6 Alternative cell sources for cryobanking in fi sh ............... 98
3.7 Conclusions ............................................................................ 102
3.8 Sources of further information ............................................ 105
3.9 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 105
3.10 References .............................................................................. 105
4 Live microalgae as feeds in aquaculture hatcheries ...................... 117
M. R. Brown and S. I. Blackburn, CSIRO Marine and
Atmospheric Research, Australia
4.1 Introduction............................................................................ 117
4.2 Compositional diversity of microalgae used in
aquaculture ............................................................................. 118
4.3 Microalgae applications as aquaculture feeds ................... 122
4.4 Isolation of microalgae, and the establishment and
maintenance of starter cultures ........................................... 131
4.5 Mass scale production of microalgae .................................. 135
4.6 Preserved microalgae as feed .............................................. 140
4.7 Future trends .......................................................................... 143
4.8 Sources of further information and advice ........................ 144
4.9 References .............................................................................. 145
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
5 Rotifers, Artemia and copepods as live feeds for fi sh larvae in
aquaculture .......................................................................................... 157
J. Dhont and K. Dierckens, Ghent University, Belgium,
J. Støttrup, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark and
G. Van Stappen, M. Wille and P. Sorgeloos, Ghent University,
Belgium
5.1 Introduction............................................................................ 157
5.2 Rotifers as live feed: culture and harvesting ..................... 158
5.3 Feed for rotifers: types, techniques and nutrition ............. 162
5.4 Rotifers as live feed: microbial aspects, hygiene and
preservation techniques ........................................................ 165
5.5 Artemia as live feed: an overview ....................................... 168
5.6 Diversifi cation of Artemia resources .................................. 171
5.7 New developments in the use of Artemia .......................... 175
5.8 Copepods as live feed: an overview .................................... 182
5.9 Copepods as live feed: nutritional value, microbiology
and preservation techniques ................................................ 188
5.10 References .............................................................................. 191
6 Microdiets as alternatives to live feeds for fi sh larvae in
aquaculture: improving the effi ciency of feed particle
utilization ............................................................................................. 203
S. Kolkovski, Department of Fisheries, Australia
6.1 Introduction............................................................................ 203
6.2 Diet manufacturing methods and microdiet
characteristics ......................................................................... 206
6.3 Feeding system ....................................................................... 215
6.4 Future trends .......................................................................... 220
6.5 References .............................................................................. 220
7 Management of fi nfi sh and shellfi sh larval health in
aquaculture hatcheries ....................................................................... 223
T. J. Bowden and I.R. Bricknell, University of Maine, USA
7.1 Introduction............................................................................ 223
7.2 Diseases in hatcheries ........................................................... 225
7.3 Development of immune systems in aquatic animals ...... 228
7.4 Management of larval health ............................................... 230
7.5 Conclusion .............................................................................. 239
7.6 References .............................................................................. 239
8 Microbial management for bacterial pathogen control in
invertebrate aquaculture hatcheries................................................. 246
E. F. Goulden, L. Høj and M. R. Hall, Australian Institute of
Marine Science (AIMS), Australia
8.1 Introduction............................................................................ 246
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viii Contents
8.2 Methods to study bacterial communities in hatchery
systems .................................................................................... 247
8.3 Hatchery microbial compartments ...................................... 249
8.4 Identifi cation, detection and monitoring of pathogens .... 257
8.5 Prophylactic strategies .......................................................... 259
8.6 Treatment strategies .............................................................. 265
8.7 Innovations and future trends ............................................. 271
8.8 References .............................................................................. 273
Part II Closing the life-cycle and overcoming challenges in
hatchery production for selected invertebrate species .......... 287
9 Palinurid lobster larval rearing for closed-cycle hatchery
production ........................................................................................... 289
M. R. Hall, M. Kenway, M. Salmon, D. Francis, E. F. Goulden and
L. Høj, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Australia
9.1 Introduction............................................................................ 289
9.2 Development of hatchery technology for palinurid
larvae and broodstock husbandry ....................................... 295
9.3 Larval rearing, water quality and tank design ................... 299
9.4 Health issues during larval rearing ..................................... 304
9.5 Health: infections and nutrition .......................................... 311
9.6 Metamorphosis to puerulus and settlement to juvenile ... 317
9.7 Future trends .......................................................................... 317
9.8 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 318
9.9 References .............................................................................. 318
10 Biosecurity measures in specifi c pathogen free (SPF) shrimp
hatcheries ............................................................................................. 329
J. Wyban, High Health Aquaculture Inc., USA
10.1 Introduction............................................................................ 329
10.2 SPF shrimp and the development of hatchery
technology .............................................................................. 331
10.3 Biosecurity in SPF shrimp hatcheries ................................. 332
10.4 Industry impact ...................................................................... 336
10.5 References .............................................................................. 337
11 Blue mussel hatchery technology in Europe .................................. 339
P. Kamermans, IMARES, The Netherlands, T. Galley, Bangor
University, Wales, P. Boudry, IFREMER, France, J. Fuentes,
CIMA, Spain, H. McCombie and F. M. Batista, Bangor
University, Wales, A. Blanco, IMARES, The Netherlands,
L. Dominguez, CIMA, Spain, F. Cornette, IFREMER, France,
L. Pincot, Grainocean hatchery, France and A. Beaumont,
Bangor University, Wales
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
11.1 Introduction............................................................................ 339
11.2 Broodstock: holding, conditioning and management ....... 342
11.3 Spawning, fertilisation, embryo development,
early D-larvae and triploid and tetraploid induction ....... 344
11.4 Larval rearing ......................................................................... 352
11.5 Metamorphosis and spat settlement ................................... 355
11.6 Nursery rearing of mussel spat up to seed ........................ 361
11.7 Grow-out of mussel seed in land- and sea-based
facilities ................................................................................... 364
11.8 Future trends .......................................................................... 369
11.9 Sources of further information ............................................ 370
11.10 References .............................................................................. 370
12 Research on the production of hatchery-reared juveniles of
cephalopods with special reference to the common octopus
(Octopus vulgaris) ............................................................................. 374
J. Iglesias and L. Fuentes, Spanish Institute of Oceanography,
Vigo, Spain
12.1 Introduction............................................................................ 374
12.2 Broodstock conditioning and reproduction process ......... 380
12.3 Paralarvae rearing ................................................................. 382
12.4 Conclusions and future trends ............................................. 393
12.5 Sources of further information and advice ........................ 394
12.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 395
12.7 References .............................................................................. 396
13 Jellyfi sh as products and problems of aquaculture ........................ 404
J. E. Purcell, Western Washington University, USA, E. J. Baxter,
Vet-Aqua International, Ireland and V. L. Fuentes, Instituto de
Ciencias del Mar (CSIC), Spain
13.1 Introduction............................................................................ 404
13.2 Jellyfi sh as human food, their fi sheries and
aquaculture ............................................................................. 405
13.3 Culture of jellyfi sh for aquaria and research ..................... 409
13.4 Problems with aquaculture caused by jellyfi sh.................. 417
13.5 References .............................................................................. 427
14 Sea cucumber aquaculture: hatchery production, juvenile
growth and industry challenges ........................................................ 431
A. Mercier, Memorial University, Canada and J.-F. Hamel,
Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment
(SEVE), Canada
14.1 Introduction: historical background .................................... 431
14.2 Hatchery production ............................................................. 434
14.3 Juvenile growth ...................................................................... 442
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x Contents
14.4 Co-culture ............................................................................... 447
14.5 Diseases .................................................................................. 448
14.6 Conclusions and future trends ............................................. 449
14.7 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 450
14.8 References .............................................................................. 450
Part III Closing the life-cycle and overcoming challenges in
hatchery production for selected fi sh species ........................ 455
15 Closed-cycle hatchery production of tuna ...................................... 457
G. J. Partridge, Australian Centre for Applied Aquaculture
Research, Australia
15.1 Introduction............................................................................ 457
15.2 Broodstock systems and management ............................... 460
15.3 Larval rearing and nursery production .............................. 477
15.4 Conclusions and future trends ............................................. 488
15.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................... 489
15.6 References .............................................................................. 489
16 Developments in hatchery technology for striped catfi sh
(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) ................................................... 498
P. T. Nguyen, T. M. Bui and T. A. Nguyen, Can Tho University,
Vietnam and S. De Silva, Network of Aquaculture Centres in
Asia and Pacifi c (NACA), Thailand and Deakin University,
Australia
16.1 Introduction............................................................................ 498
16.2 Striped catfi sh seed production: induced breeding in
hatcheries ................................................................................ 501
16.3 Striped catfi sh seed production: larval and fry nursing .... 509
16.4 Harvesting and transportation ............................................. 514
16.5 Future trends .......................................................................... 515
16.6 References .............................................................................. 516
17 Aquaculture production of meagre (Argyrosomus regius):
hatchery techniques, ongrowing and market .................................. 519
N. J. Duncan and A. Estévez, IRTA, Spain,
H. Fernández-Palacios, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Spain, I. Gairin, IRTA, Spain, C. M. Hernández-Cruz,
J. Roo and D. Schuchardt, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Spain and R. Vallés, IRTA, Spain
17.1 Introduction............................................................................ 519
17.2 Broodstock management ...................................................... 521
17.3 Larviculture ............................................................................ 528
17.4 Ongrowing and harvest ........................................................ 531
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013