Advances in Applied Electromyography PDF
Preview Advances in Applied Electromyography
ADVANCES IN APPLIED ELECTROMYOGRAPHY Edited by Joseph Mizrahi Advances in Applied Electromyography Edited by Joseph Mizrahi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright EDHAR, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Advances in Applied Electromyography, Edited by Joseph Mizrahi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-382-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Skeletal Muscles, Biomechanics and Rehabilitation 1 Chapter 1 The Role of Electromyograms in Resolving Musculoskeletal Interactions in Able-Bodied and Disabled Human Individuals 3 J. Mizrahi Chapter 2 Electromyography Assessment of Muscle Recruitment Strategies During High-Intensity Exercise 25 François Billaut Chapter 3 Classification of Upper Limb Motions from Around-Shoulder Muscle Activities 41 Hirokazu Soma, Yuse Horiuchi, Jose Gonzalez and Wenwei Yu Chapter 4 Walking and Jogging: Quantification of Muscle Activity of the Lower Extremities 55 Begoña Gavilanes-Miranda, Juan J. Goiriena De Gandarias and Gonzalo A. Garcia Part 2 EMG Processing and Noise Reduction 75 Chapter 5 EMG Signal Noise Removal Using Neural Netwoks 77 Vijay R. Mankar Chapter 6 Electromyography Pattern-Recognition-Based Control of Powered Multifunctional Upper-Limb Prostheses 99 Guanglin Li Part 3 Force Estimation 117 Chapter 7 Pinching Effort Evaluation Based on Tendon Force Estimation 119 Atsutoshi Ikeda, Yuichi Kurita and Tsukasa Ogasawara VI Contents Chapter 8 Electromyogram of the Cibarial Pump and the Feeding Process in Hematophagous Hemiptera 137 Ricardo N Araujo, Nelder F Gontijo, Alessandra A Guarneri, Alberto F Gontijo, Adriana C Soares and Marcos H Pereira Part 4 Pelvic Floor Muscle Function from Electromyograms 159 Chapter 9 Anal Sphincter Electromyogram for Dysfunction of Lower Urinary Tract and Pelvic Floor 161 Chuangyu Qu, Dangfeng Xu, Cunzhou Wang, Jie Chen, Lei Yin and Xingang Cui Chapter 10 Electromyography of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Rats 189 Yolanda Cruz Gómez, Hai-Hong Jiang, Paul Zaszczurynski, Raúl Juárez, César Pastelin and Margot S. Damaser Preface The electrical activity of the muscles, as measured by means of electromyography (EMG), is a major expression of muscle contraction. Since the contracting skeletal mus- cles are greatly responsible for loading of the bones and joints, information about the muscle EMG is important to gain knowledge about musculo-skeletal biomechanics. Myoelectric signals can also demonstrate the development of loading imbalance and asymmetry, which in turn relate to physical disability. In smooth muscles, EMG may be used to indicate function of internal organs. EMG may thus be used clinically for the diagnosis of neuromuscular problems and for assessing biomechanical and motor control deficits and other functional disorders. It may also be used as a control signal for interfacing with orthotic and/or prosthetic devices or other rehabilitation assists. Apart from muscular activity, EMG may also be used to indicate and quantify the de- velopment of muscle fatigue. EMG signals from whole muscles are generally stochastic in nature, thus requiring ref- erence to methods of signal analysis in order to be characterized ad classified and to obtain quantitative information about muscle activity both in the time and the fre- quency domains. Exceptionally, EMG signals may exhibit a deterministic pattern when all the muscle fibers contract simultaneously. This takes place when the muscle's activation is being induced by means of electrical stimulation from a source external to the central nervous system. A synchronous compound muscle action potential (CMAP) then replaces the natural, somewhat random-like, signal produced by the asynchronous firing of the different motor units. Rather simple methods of signal pro- cessing are sufficient for characterizing the synchronous CMAP. The EMG signal is usually accompanied by mechanical signals emerging from the con- tracting and vibrating muscles. Although these signals are measurable by means of microphones (acoustic myography, AMG) or accelerometers (mechano myography, MMG) the EMG is still the major and dominant source serving to monitor muscle ac- tivity. This is so because EMG signals are more reliable and reproducible compared to the AMG and MMG signals. This book aims at providing an updated overview of the recent developments in elec- tromyography from diverse aspects and various applications in clinical and experi- mental research. It consists of ten chapters arranged in four sections. The first section X Preface deals with EMG signals from skeletal muscles and their significance in assessing bio- mechanical and physiologic function and in applications in neuro-musculo-skeletal rehabilitation. The second section addresses methodologies for the treatment of the signal itself: noise removal and pattern recognition for the activation of artificial limbs. The third section deals with utilizing the EMG signals for inferring on the mechanical action of muscle, such as force, e.g., pinching force in humans or sucking pressure in the cibarial pump during feeding of the hematophagous hemiptera insect. The fourth and last section deals with the clinical role of electromyograms in studying the pelvic floor muscle function. Prof. Joseph Mizrahi Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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