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Advances in aircraft flight control PDF

442 Pages·2018·30.197 MB·English
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Advances in Aircraft Flight Control Advances in Aircraft FBght Control Edited by MARK B. TISCHLER Taylor ^F rancis ^ Publishers since Ì79H UK Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE USA Taylor & Francis, 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Copyright © Mark B. Tischler 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 07484 0479 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data are available Cover design by Amanda Barragry Typeset in Times 10/12pt by Santype International Limited, Salisbury, Wilts Printed by Great Britain by T. J. Press (Padstow) Ltd, Cornwall Contents Series Introduction Vll Foreword ix List of Contributors XV Part One Specification and Validation Methods 1 Handling-qualities specification - a functional requirement for the flight control system R. H, Hoh and D. G. Mitchell 2 System identification methods for aircraft flight control development and validation 35 M. B, Tischler Part Two Rotorcraft and V/STOL 71 3 A high bandwidth control system for the helicopter in-flight simulator ATTHeS - modelling, performance and applications 73 W. von Griinhagen, G. Bouwer, H.-J. Pausder, F. Henschel and J. Kaletka 4 Advanced flight control research and development at Boeing Helicopters 103 K. H. Landis, J. M. Davis, C. Dabundo and J. F. Keller 5 Application of nonlinear inverse methods to the control of powered-lift aircraft over the low-speed flight envelope 143 J. A. Franklin 6 Flight control and handling research with the VAAC Harrier aircraft 159 G. T. Shanks, S. L, Gale, C. Fielding and D. V, Griffith Contents Part Three Transport Aircraft 187 7 The design and development of flying qualities for the C-17 military transport airplane 189 E. R. Kendall 8 Fly-by-wire for commercial aircraft: the Airbus experience 211 C. Favre 9 Practical control law design for aircraft using multivariable techniques 231 J. D. Blight, R, L. Dailey and D. Gangsaas Part Four High-performance Aircraft 269 10 Lavi flight control system 271 M. Shmul, E. Erenthal and M. Attar 11 Digital autopilot design for combat aircraft in Alenia 295 A. Tonon and P. L. Belluati 12 Development and flight experience of the control laws and the aeroservoelastic solution in the Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) 321 A. McCuish and B. Caldw^ell 13 X-29 flight control system: lessons learned 345 R. Clarke, J. J. Barken, J. T. Bosworth and J. E. Bauer 14 Practical aspects of the design of an integrated flight and propulsion control system 369 D. J. Moorhouse and K. D. Citurs 15 Control law design and flight test results of the experimental aircraft X-31A 391 H. Beh, G. Hofinger and P. Huber Index 413 VI Series Introduction Control systems has a long and distinguished tradition stretching back to nineteenth-century dynamics and stability theory. Its establishment as a major engineering discipline in the 1950s arose, essentially, from Second World War driven work on frequency response methods by, amongst others, Nyquist, Bode and Wiener. The intervening 40 years has seen quite unparalleled developments in the underlying theory with applications ranging from the ubiquitous PID controller widely encountered in the process industries through to high-performance/fidelity controllers typical of aerospace applications. This development has been increas­ ingly underpinned by the rapid developments in the, essentially enabling, technology of computing software and hardware. This view of mathematically model-based systems and control as a mature disci­ pline masks relatively new and rapid developments in the general area of robust control. Here intense research effort is being directed to the development of high- performance controllers which (at least) are robust to specified classes of plant uncertainty. One measure of this effort is the fact that, after a relatively short period of work, ‘near world’ tests of classes of robust controllers have been undertaken in the aerospace industry. Again, this work is supported by computing hardware and software developments, such as the toolboxes available within numerous com­ mercially marketed controller design/simulation packages. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of so-called intelligent control techniques such as fuzzy logic and neural networks. Basically, these rely on learning (in a prescribed manner) the input-output behaviour of the plant to be controlled. Already, it is clear that there is little to be gained by applying these techniques to cases where mature mathematical model-based approaches yield high- performance control. Instead, their role is (in general terms) almost certainly going to lie in areas where the processes encountered are ill-defined, complex, nonlinear, time-varying and stochastic. A detailed evaluation of their (relative) potential awaits the appearance of a rigorous supporting base (underlying theory and implementa­ tion architectures for example) the essential elements of which are beginning to appear in learned journals and conferences. Vll Series Introduction Elements of control and systems theory/engineering are increasingly finding use outside traditional numerical processing environments. One such general area in which there is increasing interest is intelligent command and control systems which are central, for example, to innovative manufacturing and the management of advanced transportation systems. Another is discrete event systems which mix numeric and logic decision making. It is in response to these exciting new developments that the present book series of Systems and Control was conceived. It will publish high-quality research texts and reference works in the diverse areas which systems and control now includes. In addition to basic theory, experimental and/or application studies are welcome, as are expository texts where theory, verification and applications come together to provide a unifying coverage of a particular topic or topics. The book series itself arose out of the seminal text: the 1992 centenary first English translation of Lyapunov’s memoir On the General Problem of the Stability of Motion by A. T. Fuller, and was followed by the 1994 publication of Advances in Intelligent Control by C. J. Harris. The current volume in the series is Intelligent Control in Biomedicine by D. A. Linkens. Forthcoming titles in the series include True Digital Control by P. C. Young, A. Chotai and W. Tych, Sliding-Mode Control by V. Utkin and A Knowledge-Based Approach to Systems Control by G. K. H. Pang. E. Rogers J. O’Reilly Vlll Foreword The highly interdisciplinary nature of the modern aircraft flight control problem presents a substantial challenge to control engineering. This challenge starts at the conceptual control system design phase, where the desired system response charac­ teristics required for good handling qualities are specified as a function of aircraft configuration, mission, flight condition, failure states, and conditions of visibility including the influence of vision aids. These handling-qualities characteristics together with the servo-loop requirements for disturbance rejection and stability/ performance robustness across large variations in dynamic characteristics with flight condition define a formidable set of interdisciplinary design specifications. The control law architecture and design methodology is selected to meet these complex requirements. But the practical considerations such as the control engineer’s (or company’s) design philosophy, and the ease of flight test development and opti­ mization can also have an important influence. Modern tools for flight control system development are also wide ranging, requiring an appreciation of several engineering disciplines. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation, software development/validiation facilities (DF), and advanced ground and in-flight piloted simulation are used to evaluate the complete system per­ formance for the many flight conditions and control system modes. The nonreal­ time and real-time models used in these tools include complex descriptions of the aircraft aerodynamics, flight dynamics, propulsion systems, and structural dynamics characteristics to ensure that the simulation results will be representative of expected flight behavior. A detailed representation of the digital control system implementation is also necessary to capture aeroservoelastic and pilot-airframe coupling phenomena. System identification tools are used to document dynamic characteristics during development, and later to support control law and handling- qualities optimization during flight test. The complexity of modern digital flight control systems and the trend toward increased technical specialization makes it difficult for one person to acquire the needed interdisciplinary perspective. More important is that the long time interval between modern aircraft projects means that new projects may not fully benefit IX

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