Advances in Aerogel Composites for Environmental Remediation

398 Pages·2021·36.882 MB·English

by  Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan (editor), Mohammad Omaish Ansari (editor), Anish Khan (editor), Abdullah M. Asiri (editor)

Title page
ADVANCES IN AEROGEL
COMPOSITES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
REMEDIATION
Page left intentionally blank
ADVANCES IN AEROGEL
COMPOSITES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
REMEDIATION
Edited by
AFTAB ASLAM PARWAZ KHAN
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, and Centre of Excellence
for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
MOHAMMAD OMAISH ANSARI
Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
ANISH KHAN
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, and Centre of Excellence
for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
ABDULLAH M. ASIRI
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, and Centre of Excellence
for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
Copyright
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions poli-
cies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing
Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any
use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-820732-1
For information on all Elsevier publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Candice Janco
Acquisitions Editor: Marisa LaFleur
Editorial Project Manager: Mona Zahir
Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane
Designer: Victoria Pearson
Typeset by Thomson Digital
This book is dedicated to all the frontline workers who risked their life in fighting the deadly
COVID pandemic.
Page left intentionally blank
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xxi
1. Aerogel and its composites: fabrication and properties 1
Mohammad Omaish Ansari, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Mohammad Shahnawaze Ansari,
Anish Khan, Raviraj M. Kulkarni, and Vijaykumar S. Bhamare
1. Introduction 1
2. History and progress in the field of aerogels 2
3. Structure and properties of aerogels 4
4. Properties of aerogels 4
5. Synthesis of aerogels and its composites 6
5.1. Sol-gel process 6
5.2. Ageing of sol-gel 7
5.3. Drying of sol-gel 8
5.4. Carbonization 8
5.5. Silicon carbide aerogels by carbothermal reduction 9
6. Developments in aerogels and its composites 10
6.1. Silica aerogels 10
6.2. Organic aerogels 10
6.3. Carbon aerogels 11
6.4. Carbon nanotubes and graphene aerogels 11
6.5. Silicon carbide aerogels 12
6.6. Carbonaceous aerogels 12
7. Conclusions 12
References 13
2. Natural aerogels for pollutant removal 19
Sandeep R. Kurundawade, Ramesh S. Malladi, Raviraj M. Kulkarni,
and Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
1. Introduction 19
2. Properties 20
2.1. Porosity of aerogel 21
3. Types of aerogels 22
4. Important natural aerogels in pollutant removal 23
4.1. Noncellulose aerogel-type oil sorbents 23
4.2. Cellulose aerogel-type oil sorbents 23
4.3. Carbon aerogel extracted from pomelo peel 24
4.4. Nanocellulose-derived carbon aerogels 25
vii
viii Contents
4.5. Carbon based aerogel 26
4.6. Carbon fiber aerogel (CFA) 26
5. Pollutant removal with cellulosic materials 27
6. Biomedical application of jackfruit aerogel 27
7. Advantages of natural aerogels in pollutant removal 27
8. Adsorption constants of some important natural adsorbents 28
9. Conclusions 29
References 29
3. Biomedical applications of aerogel 33
Varish Ahmad, Abrar Ahmad, Shah Alam Khan, Aftab Ahmad,
Mohammed F. Abuzinadah, Shahid Karim, and Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
1. Introduction 33
2. Aerogel biomaterials for biomedical applications 34
2.1. Lignin-based aerogels 34
2.2. Pectin-based aerogels 35
2.3. Alginate-based aerogels 35
2.4. Starch-based aerogels 36
2.5. Chitosan-based aerogels 36
2.6. Protein-based aerogels 36
3. Bio-medical applications of aerogels 37
3.1. Antifungal and antibacterial activity 37
3.2. Aerogel in cancer treatment 39
3.3. Aerogel in drug development and delivery 39
3.4. Aerogel in diagnosis and bioimaging 40
3.5. Aerogel in orthopedics 42
3.6. Aerogel in implants 42
3.7. Aerogel in tissue engineering 43
3.8. Aerogel in identification of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) 43
3.9. Aerogel as stem cell 45
4. Conclusions and future prospects 45
References 46
4. Carbon aerogel composites for gas sensing 49
Jamal Akhter Siddique, Shahid Pervez Ansari, and Madhu Yadav
1. Introduction 49
1.1. What is aerogel 49
1.2. Past to present aspects of aerogel 50
1.3. Carbon aerogel composite 51
2. Synthesis of carbon aerogel composite 52
2.1. Sol-gel transition (gelation) 52
Contents ix
2.2. Network perfection (aging) 52
2.3. Gel-aerogel transition (drying) 53
2.4. Carbonization process 54
3. Potential applications of carbon aerogel composite 54
3.1. Electronic and energy storage 55
3.2. Catalysts and catalytic supports 55
3.3. Water treatment 56
3.4. Thermal insulators and flame retardants 56
3.5. Gas storage and separation 56
4. Role of carbon-based aerogel composite in gas sensing 59
5. Mechanism of gas sensing by carbon aerogel composites 61
6. Conclusions 65
References 65
5. Conducting polymer-based aerogels for energy and environmental
remediation 75
Shahid Pervez Ansari, Ahmad Husain, Mohd Urooj Shariq, and Mohammad Omaish Ansari
1. Introduction 75
2. Conducting polymers 76
3. Conducting polymer aerogels (CPAs) 77
3.1. Synthesis of conducting polymer aerogels 77
3.2. Synthesis of gel precursors 77
3.3. PEDOT gel 78
3.4. PPy aerogel from PPy hydrogel 79
3.5. PANI aerogel from PANI hydrogel 79
4. Application of conducting polymer aerogels (CPAs) 79
4.1. VOC sensing 79
4.2. Adsorbing and separation 80
4.3. Electrochemical energy storage 81
4.4. Pressure sensing 82
4.5. Strain sensors 83
5. Outlook: challenges and prospects 84
References 85
6. Aerogels in photocatalysis 87
Jamiu O. Eniola, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, M.A. Barakat, and Rajeev Kumar
1. Introduction 87
2. Powdered photocatalysts 89
3. Aerogel photocatalyst 89
3.1. Metal-based aerogels 90
3.2. Organic-based aerogel 92