Advanced Renewable Energy Systems (2 Vol. Set)

784 Pages·2014·15.128 MB·English

by  S.C. Bhatia

Advanced renewable energy systems

Advanced renewable
energy systems
Part – I
S. C. Bhatia
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING INDIA PVT LTD
New Delhi l Cambridge l Oxford l Philadelphia
Published by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
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First published 2014, Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
© Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., 2014
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Contents
Preface xv
Part – I
1. Energy resources and their utilisation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 India’s energy resources 1
1.3 Renewable energy sources 3
1.4 Renewable energy capacity in India 4
1.5 Renewables and the environment 5
1.6 Renewable potential vs installed capacity in India 6
1.7 Total generation installed capacity in India 7
1.8 World energy resources and consumption 7
1.9 Consumption of energy 9
1.10 Renewable resources 12
1.11 Energy planning 15
1.12 Energy intensity 16
1.13 Energy development 17
1.14 Fossil fuels 17
1.15 Renewable sources 21
1.16 Environmental impacts of hydrogen-based energy systems 30
2. Solar radiations 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Interaction of the sun’s radiation with the earth’s 33
atmosphere
2.3 Terminology of radiation parameters 34
2.4 Apparent motions of the sun 42
2.5 Day length 42
2.6 Solar energy reaching the earth’s surface 44
vi Advanced renewable energy systems
2.6 Rough estimates of the solar energy available at the 51
earth’s surface
2.7 Earth–Sun geometry 52
2.8 Sun–Earth geometry 54
2.9 Radiation on inclined surfaces, mountain slopes 66
3. Solar devices 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Solar panels 68
3.3 Silicon wafers 69
3.4 Solar cells 70
3.5 Solar lanterns 71
3.6 Solar lights 73
3.7 Solar lighting systems 74
3.8 Solar street lights 76
3.9 Solar ingots 77
3.10 Solar attic fans 78
3.11 Solar water pumps 79
3.12 Solar water heater 81
3.13 Solar refrigerators 83
3.14 Solar televisions (TV) 84
3.15 Solar coolers 85
3.16 Solar air conditioners (AC) 87
3.17 Solar cooking systems 88
3.18 Solar steam generators 89
3.19 Solar flat-plate collectors 91
3.20 Solar power plants 92
4. Solar thermal energy 94
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Low-temperature collectors 94
4.3 Medium-temperature collectors 96
4.4 High-temperature collectors 98
4.5 Conversion rates from solar energy to electrical energy 109
4.6 Solar pond 111
4.7 Solar water heating 113
4.8 Heating of swimming pools 124
Contents vii
4.9 Economics, energy, environment and system costs 125
4.10 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) systems 130
4.11 Solar tracker 132
4.12 Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector 141
4.13 Solar furnace 142
5. Solar photovoltaic systems 144
5.1 Introduction 144
5.2 Fabrication of photovoltaic cells 145
5.3 Photovoltaic module performance ratings 150
5.4 Reliability of photovoltaic systems 151
5.5 Classification of photovoltaic systems 152
5.6 Non-silicon-based photovoltaic systems 154
5.7 Asphalt roads as solar power producers 157
6. Energy consuming and converting equipments 158
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 Boilers 158
6.3 Turbines 160
6.4 Diesel generating sets (DG sets) 166
6.5 Motors 168
6.6 Pumps 169
6.7 Belt drives 173
7. Nanotechnology and solar power 174
7.1 Introduction 174
7.2 Conserve energy with nanotechnology solar panel 175
7.3 Nanotechnology for energy extraction 177
7.4 Drivers and barriers to innovation 178
7.5 Solar photovoltaics 179
8. Wind energy 184
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 Wind power 186
8.3 Wind energy 187
8.4 Energy from the wind 191
8.5 Wind resource 191
8.6 Principles of wind energy conversion 192
viii Advanced renewable energy systems
8.7 Types and characteristics of windmill rotors 193
8.8 Windmill performance 195
8.9 Wind speed 196
8.10 Wind turbine 196
8.11 Wind electricity basics 206
8.12 Wind-electric system types 209
8.13 Wind farm 215
8.14 Environmental impact of wind power 220
9. Status of wind energy in India 223
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Wind power scenarios 224
9.3 GWEO scenario results 225
9.4 Estimated wind power resource 229
9.5 Offshore wind power development 230
9.6 Wind turbine installations 232
9.7 Repowering potential 233
9.8 Technology development trends 233
9.9 Investment in wind power sector 234
9.10 Small wind and hybrid systems 236
9.11 Barriers to higher growth 237
10. Hydroelectric power 240
10.1 Introduction 240
10.2 Hydropower 241
10.3 Power output from a dam 243
10.4 Measurement of volume flow rate using a weir 243
10.5 Water turbines 243
10.6 Impact, economics and prospects of hydropower 248
10.7 How hydropower works 250
10.8 Modern concepts and future role 255
10.9 Benefits of hydropower 259
10.10 Characteristics of hydropower 260
10.11 Electrical system benefits 261
10.12 Environmental issues and management for hydropower 262
peaking operations
Contents ix
11. Small hydroelectric plants 270
11.1 Introduction 270
11.2 Stream flow 270
11.3 Measuring flow 271
11.4 Dams 272
11.5 Diversions 274
11.6 Measuring head 275
11.7 Calculating power 275
11.8 Components 277
11.9 Causes of failure 279
12. Hydropower development in India 280
12.1 Introduction 280
12.2 Reforms in the electricity sector in India 281
12.3 Government of India (GOI) policy on hydropower 282
development
12.4 Hydropower class 283
12.5 Small hydropower development 284
12.6 Equipment manufacturing status 285
12.7 Performance testing of SHP stations 285
12.8 Benefits of hydropower and reasons for its slow 286
development
12.9 National policy on hydropower in India 287
12.10 Development since national hydropower policy 2004 289
12.11 Current issues/problems with hydropower in India 290
12.12 State-specific hydropower issues 293
12.13 Establishment of R&D hydraulic turbine laboratory 297
12.14 Standards for small hydropower 298
12.15 Real time simulator 298
12.16 Performance of Tawa hydroelectric power plant 298
12.17 Small hydro development in India 299
12.18 Case study: Power plant in private sector in 301
Madhya Pradesh
12.19 Way ahead 305
x Advanced renewable energy systems
13. Tide, wave and ocean energy 307
13.1 Introduction 307
13.2 Tides 307
13.3 Tidal power 311
13.4 Power from a tidal barrage 311
13.5 Tidal resonance 312
13.6 Kinetic energy of tidal currents 313
13.7 Generation of tidal energy 314
13.8 Advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy 318
13.9 Wave energy 319
13.10 Ocean energy 328
14. Geothermal power generation 334
14.1 Introduction 334
14.2 Geothermal fluid 335
14.3 Power plant basics 339
14.4 Holistic design approach for geothermal binary 342
power plants with optimised net electricity provision
14.5 Conversion technologies 347
14.6 Cooling types 353
14.7 Structuring power plant to minimise impact 356
14.8 Efficiency 357
14.9 Non-traditional geothermal systems 363
14.10 New technology 368
14.11 Direct use 373
14.12 New technologies: the path forward 374
14.13 Nanotechnology and geothermal energy 375
14.14 Summary 377
14.15 Environmental monitoring of geothermal power plants 380
14.16 Geothermal power plants in the environment 381
Part – II
15. Geothermal energy resources and its potential in India 389
15.1 Introduction 389
15.2 Geothermal system 390
15.3 India’s geothermal resources 391
15.4 Conclusion 402