Advanced Practice in Mental Health Nursing: A European Perspective PDF
Preview Advanced Practice in Mental Health Nursing: A European Perspective
Advanced Practice in Mental Health Nursing A European Perspective Agnes Higgins Nina Kilkku Gisli Kort Kristofersson Editors 123 Advanced Practice in Mental Health Nursing Agnes Higgins • Nina Kilkku Gisli Kort Kristofersson Editors Advanced Practice in Mental Health Nursing A European Perspective Editors Agnes Higgins Nina Kilkku School of Nursing and Midwifery School of Social Services and Health Care Trinity College Dublin Tampere University of Applied Sciences Dublin, Ireland Tampere, Finland Gisli Kort Kristofersson School of Health Sciences University of Akureyri Akureyri, Iceland ISBN 978-3-031-05535-5 ISBN 978-3-031-05536-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05536-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword This textbook is very timely and very much needed to support the process of change within mental health policies and services. The history of mental health care and psychiatry has been dramatic, with its pendulum-like shifts from theories and practices emphasizing certain elements of the bio-psycho-social model more than other ones. Recent decades were dominated by the biomedical model, which succeeded the previous dominance of psychoanaly- sis. Now there is increasing evidence pointing to the limited effectiveness and pos- sible harm of mental health care that is over reliant on power asymmetries, coercion, and excessive use of biomedical interventions. The bold promise, through several recent decades, has continually being that the systematic application of the biomedical paradigm would lead, through identifica- tion of biological markers, to effective treatment of mental health conditions, improved quality of life, and the end of stigma and discrimination. This did not happen. Despite new investments, huge numbers of people worldwide, including in Europe, continue to suffer from systemic human rights violations within mental healthcare facilities and services. Prevalence of non-consensual care is on the rise in all regions, including Europe. This is not surprising, as unlike the rest of medicine, the basic principles of informed consent and ‘first do no harm’ have been seriously undermined in psychiatry. Change is urgently needed. In this process of change, creative solutions are emerging, as alternatives to the status quo, with attempts to prove that persons who experience mental health conditions can be effectively supported in ways that do not violate their human rights. It is of crucial importance that the global mental health community creatively explores models of mental health service provision and ways of engaging with peo- ple that depart from the legacy of coercion, paternalism, discrimination, and exces- sive medicalization. At this moment in time, it is imperative that we strengthen the emerging view that psychiatry and psychiatric/mental health nursing can be empow- ering and respectful of people’s human rights. The role of nurses is crucial in the process of providing mental health care to persons in need. Nurses as passionate carers are closest to everyday needs of per- sons with psychosocial disabilities and other mental health conditions. However, in mental health services, quite often nurses become hostages of coercive measures and paternalistic approaches. One of the observations by experts who are critical of v vi Foreword the status quo is that not only users of services are disempowered by existing hier- archies and power asymmetries. Nurses may also be affected by the prevailing idea that only psychiatrists can be experts who make right decisions. In this regard, nurses should be supportive of change and indeed play a key role in democratizing services, as this needs to be the underpinning principle of all the needed change in mental health systems. For the process of change to be smooth and effective, nurses, as well as other actors in the mental health scene, need to have the knowledge, skills and attitudes that represent and reflect the principles of a rights-based approach to care, principles that are aimed at empowerment, autonomy, and recovery. A human rights-based approach also includes focusing on important themes, such as therapeutic alliance, diversity, spirituality, and recovery-oriented care. This textbook is about all these issues. By moving away from a medical way of framing peoples’ distress, this textbook asks the reader to think differently and more creatively and is exactly what is needed now for European and global mental health. The book will equip nurses with knowledge and practical understanding about how mental health services can be supporting, empowering, non-coercive and avoid hierarchical paternalistic approaches. I strongly recommend this book to all nurses, but also to everyone who is related to or curious about mental health and mental health care. Dainius Pūras Professor, Clinic of psychiatry Vilnius University Vilnius, Lithuania Former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Physical and Mental Health (2014-2020) Preface This genesis for this book was based on the willingness of Springer and Horatio, the European Psychiatric Nurses, to work together on a publication to strengthen advanced practice in mental health nursing in Europe. The idea behind the book was to fill a gap in the literature of advanced practice mental health nursing from a European perspective. Most of the available books, describing the work and phi- losophy of advanced practice mental health nursing, have been published in the USA. Although these books certainly contain valuable information for nurses work- ing in Europe, the culture of caring, including the health services and education systems are so diverse, not only between Europe and the USA, but between coun- tries within Europe, hence we considered that a textbook such as this was sorely needed. While the field of mental health is without doubt a field of contestation and debate with various agendas and voices, the focus and tone of the book was strongly influenced by human rights and recovery approaches to mental health care. We are strongly of the view that the practice of advanced mental health nursing is, or should be, guided by a philosophy grounded in a humanistic approach, collaboration, coproduction, and inclusiveness. This approach is relational based and gives pri- macy to the voice and personal epistemology of the person seeking care and is one that challenges the privileging of one theoretical perspective over another, including the privileging of the biomedical model. Emphasis within the book is therefore on providing insights, from around Europe, on how to work ‘for’ and ‘with’ people with lived experiences and their families, while maintaining the rigorous and ethical standards advanced practice mental health nursing demands. The period in which we edited this book became extraordinary in a way no one could have foretold. The worldwide pandemic and war in Europe affected us all, editors and authors, in different ways. Professionally, we all faced significant chal- lenges at work, and personally many grieved the loss of loved ones without the usual support. On a positive note, we met many new people and developed new friendships and relationships in the process; and we all shared feelings in a way no one could have predicted. Additionally as editors, hundreds of hours of discussions in online meetings about the text gave us a unique opportunity to work and learn from each other. We not only got an opportunity to share the challenges of teaching and practice during a pandemic, but we also got to discuss and debate the various aspects of advanced vii viii Preface level mental health nursing in different countries. We told stories, compared tradi- tions both within and outside of mental health nursing, found similarities and differ- ences, agreed to disagree, and discovered the power of humour and laughter. During the shared enterprise of the book, we developed a sense of belonging and formed lifelong friendships, just like we see with nurses in mental health settings around Europe. The feeling of camaraderie and acceptance kept us going, while the world around felt like it was collapsing. Completing this book was only made possible because of our excellent, commit- ted colleagues who wanted to share their unique knowledge, strength, and experi- ence by contributing to this book. We would like to thank them sincerely, as we know how hard it has been during these extraordinary times. We would also like to thank Professor Pūras, former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Physical and Mental Health (2014–2020), for writing the foreword for the book and for his strong human rights message to all of us who work in mental health. To you the reader, irrespective of your role, position or discipline, we hope this book not only supports critical thinking and debate but is of practical relevance as you engage in your work alongside people with lived experiences and their families. Today more than ever, people require services that are underpinned by human rights and recovery principles, principles which we consider belong to the highest level of clinical competence. Agnes Higgins Dublin, Ireland Nina Kilkku Tampere, Finland Gisli Kort Kristofersson Akureyri, Iceland Acknowledgements First and foremost, we, the editors, would like to acknowledge all of the people with lived experience of mental health problems and their family members who we have met throughout our journey in the mental health system and who have inspired and motivated us to strive to make a difference. It was out of this desire that the idea for this book was born. We would like to extend a heartfelt thank you to the 25 people, from more than a dozen countries in Europe, who have authored or co-authored the various chapters. Your commitment to writing throughout all the challenges and demands of the Covid-19 pandemic is really appreciated. The rich text and analytic approach towards the writing of each chapter will be an invaluable source of information and learning for all mental health professionals, including Advanced Practice Mental Health Nurses. A huge thank you to the people who generously provided case studies and exem- plars to enrich the relevant chapters. These exemplars not only ground the material in the realities of everyday practice but help to remind us that the ultimate raison d’etre of mental health nursing is to support people’s recovery journeys. A sincere thanks goes to Professor Dainius Pūras, the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations (2014–2020), our foreword writer. We really appreciate the generos- ity of spirit in your comments and insights. To Natalie and Siva at Springer, a big thank you for your patience and timely advice throughout the whole writing and production process, and to the Board of Horatio for their collaborative support. Finally, a huge thank you to our families and friends, who witnessed and supported us in the ups and downs involved in bringing this book into being. ix Contents Part I Theoretical and Historical Perspectives Landscape of Advanced Practice Mental Health Nursing in Europe . . . . . 3 Nina Kilkku, Gisli Kort Kristofersson, and Agnes Higgins Role and Competencies of Advanced Practice Mental Health Nurses . . . . . 19 Gisli Kort Kristofersson, Agnes Higgins, and Nina Kilkku Perspectives and Frameworks Underpinning the Practice of Advanced Mental Health Nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Agnes Higgins, Nina Kilkku, and Gisli Kort Kristofersson Part II Foundations for Collaborative Working Therapeutic Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Nina Kilkku and Gisli Kort Kristofersson Advanced Mental Health Nursing Assessment, Formulation and Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Diana Polhuis and Annmarie Grealish Integrative Care Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Gisli Kort Kristofersson and Merrie J. Kaas Part III Therapeutic Engagement in Different Contexts Collaboration with Families, Networks and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Eydís Kristín Sveinbjarnardóttir and Nina Kilkku Advanced Practice Mental Health Nursing and Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Louise Doyle Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Jean Morrissey and Agnes Higgins xi
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