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Power Systems Hongming Zhang Slaven Kincic Sherrill Edwards Advanced Power Applications for System Reliability Monitoring Power Systems Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for many years. Although the systems designed to provide and apply electrical energy have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing detailed, accurate and sound technical information about these new developments in electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and senior students in electrical engineering. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622 Hongming Zhang • Slaven Kincic Sherrill Edwards Advanced Power Applications for System Reliability Monitoring Hongming Zhang Slaven Kincic Power System Engineer Center (PSEC) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Richland, WA, USA Golden, CO, USA Sherrill Edwards MWConsulting WA, USA ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic) Power Systems ISBN 978-3-030-44543-0 ISBN 978-3-030-44544-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44544-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To our fellow colleagues who were part of Peak Reliability and/or WECC RC for dedicated services to assure the wide area view on the Western Interconnection between January 1, 2009, and December 3, 2019 Foreword The significance of this book is evident in several major ways. It is the first book that provides a complete description of the key functions within a major Reliability Coordinator (RC). It uniquely documents the practices and tools used in a real- world RC, many of which are more advanced by any measure than the state of the art in North America. The authors provide sufficient descriptions and references to many of the already realized new technologies that grew out of PEAK’s R&D efforts within the last 10 years. Ultimately, this book will serve as a time capsule, documenting the legendary achievements by many forward-looking engineers and will be an important touchstone for years to come. I have known and worked with the book’s lead author Dr. Hongming Zhang pro- fessionally for more than a decade. His passion and dedication to the advancement of the power industry have no doubt greatly contributed to the development of many new technologies that are described in this book. The authors’ commitment to share the knowledge and practical experience of their team at Peak RC and beyond is the main motivation of this book. Through the writing of this book, the authors have had the opportunity to pay tribute to many outstanding engineers at Peak RC, who have helped build a futuristic example of a modern reliability coordination entity. In addi- tion, there had been a tremendous effort by this group to try to preserve proven engineering work including custom software and essential modeling data properly before Peak RC ceased to exist. The need to ensure power system reliability has grown significantly in recent years. This is not only because of the increasing need to secure the supply of electricity, but to face new challenges brought by the increasing inverter-based resource and loads connected to the power grid. Modern theories and technologies are needed to enhance the reliability of the wide area bulk electric system (BES). For more than a decade working as the RC for the Western Interconnection, Peak RC has conducted extensive R&D work in developing and implementing innovative system reliability enhancement tools and processes. Among all of these great achievements, I would like to highlight the following examples that have been used routinely or running in real time. vii viii Foreword • They developed a model of the full Western Interconnection, i.e., the West-wide System Model (WSM). This model improved the real-time assessment accuracy and reliability coordination efficiency of the Energy Management System (EMS). WSM was also used by Peak RC’s member utilities to improve their external models, hence the study scope and quality of the real-time and planning operation. • A variety of new technologies were developed and applied in collaboration with software vendors, universities, national labs, and private consultants. These technologies are used in large system modeling, such as the network and dynamic modeling including remedial action schemes, and real-time system stability monitoring and analysis, such as voltage stability and inter-area oscillation modes. • Tools and procedures were developed to bridge the EMS operation modes with Western Electric Coordination Council (WECC) planning models through data sharing and model conversion. This work leveraged the steady-state and dynamic system model validation and event analysis of the Western Interconnection system. Even after Peak RC closed its doors, their work remains impactful on the industry and will no doubt become common practice in the future. For example, through new collaborations between the Western Utilities and U.S. national laboratories, Peak RC’s legacy work in areas of the WSM data and real-time analytical tools is extended to the development and validation of the Western Interconnection Resilience Model, an essential part of the North American Energy Resilience Model, or NAERM envisioned by the Department of Energy (DOE). Even though the book has Peak RC as the primary background, it provides a comprehensive view of the development of a modern reliability system and solu- tions to many practical engineering problems that can be easily adopted by others. As an educator, I see even more value in its detailed treatment of routine business and tools used in reliability coordination. I highly recommend this book to anyone in the power industry, especially those who would value having a complete picture of reliability coordination. It has been a tremendous educational journey to read this book’s chapters (though not necessarily in the order it is laid out now). I am confident it will be of great value to engineers, researchers, and students in the power system field. UT/ORNL Governor’s Chair Professor, Yilu Liu member of NAE, NAI University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, USA Preface The story behind this book began on August 22, 2007, when I received a surprising email from Eric Whitley, who at the time was the EMS group Manager of MISO. Eric informed me in the email that he had accepted the new position of EMS Manager with WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating Council). He planned to build a startup team to create and manage a West-wide System Model (WSM) and to imple- ment a new EMS tool suite, with Advanced Applications and SCADA as its main focus. Eric expected me to be onboard as one of the senior staff to kick off this fun but very challenging work. There was no question that I was very excited about Eric’s project, as this opportunity was something bigger than what I’ve done previously. Eric had gotten to know me and my expertise while I had supported his team on CAISO’s EMS/DTS implementation project as ABB Sr. Applications Software Engineer between 2003 and 2005. My family had just moved to the Greater Austin area from Houston, and I had started a new job with the Electricity Reliability Coordinating Council of Texas (ERCOT) about 10 months ago. Thus, my first reaction was “not ready to move” again since my family needed a break. However, as Eric continuously updated me via email about the WSM project scope, progression, and significance, my heart was attracted to this fun but very challenging project. I clearly remember the day when WECC HR Director Melanie M. Frye (now WECC CEO) emailed me Eric’s offer letter for my signature on December 12, 2007. It was my birthday, and I had just made the decision to go with Eric and join his team. Thanks to Eric’s call, I jumped into this great journey of 11 years to work on the WSM project and EMS applications, until December 3, 2019, when Peak Reliability shut down the control centers upon completion of the RC transition. In early 2019, I was contacted by Springer Nature with an invitation to submit an engineering book proposal. Once the proposal was accepted, two of my colleagues, Dr. Slaven Kincic and Mr. Sherrill Edwards, joined me, thankfully, to plan and draft this unique book about Peak RC’s WSM modeling practice, advanced applications implementation, and lessons learned over a decade. ix x Preface Professor Yilu Liu, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, has consistently encouraged me to wrap up Peak RC’s experience on the WSM project and real-time tools for industry reference. Dr. Liu and her students and aides thankfully reviewed the entire book draft and provided valuable comments and edits. Moreover, she graciously wrote the foreword to this book. Dr. Benjamin Kroposki, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, sponsored me to work on the North America Energy Resilience Model (NAERM) project regard- ing real-time use cases as a Consultant in late 2019. I was inspired by the project to recap Peak RC’s proven work for planning the NAERM project implementation strategy. I would like to give special thanks to both Dr. Liu and Dr. Kroposki for their support and visions on the book. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the RC management and the RC staff who had put forth significant effort in building the tools and processes described in this book. We would specifically acknowledge the following, our former colleagues, for their contributions to the work written in this book: • EMS Modeling: Mr. Brett Wangen, Mr. Gareth Lim, Mr. Thomas Curtis, Mr. Krishna Karnamadakala, Ms. Celesani, Dr. Zhouxing Hu, etc. • RTCA/RAS Modeling and Visualization: Mr. Matthew Veghte, Mr. Madhukar Gaddam, Mr. Ran Xu, Dr. Haoyu “Harry” Yuan, Ms. Mengjia “Jesse” Xiao, Mr. Ronald Evjen, Dr. NDR Sarma, Dr. Uttam Adhikari, etc. • Real-Time Voltage Security Assessment (RT-VSA) Implementation: Mr. Saad Malik, Mr. James O’Brien, Mr. Ran Xu, Mr. Madhukar Gaddam, Dr. Jiawei “Alex” Ning, Mr. Matthew Veghte, etc. • Online TSAT Implementation: Mr. Ronald Evjen, Dr. Haoyu “Harry” Yuan, Dr. Luoyang Fang, Dr. Xiaoyuan Fan, Dr. May Mahmoudi and Dr. Yidan Lu, etc. • DTS Tool and Training: Zea Flores, Hari Ramana, Stephanie Conn, Patrick Olin, Arnold Schaff, etc. • Oscillation Detection and Mode Meters: Mr. James O’Brien, Mr. Ran Xu, Dr. Jiawei “Alex” Ning, Dr. Tianying “Lily” Wu, Dr. Haoyu “Harry” Yuan, Dr. Ellen Wu, and Dr. Lakshmi Sundaresh. • Peak RC Custom Software Development: Mr. Kirk Stewart, Mr. Arvind Kamath, Mr. Madhukar Gaddam, Mr. Kory Wilson, Mr. Todd Mccune, Mr. Jeff Shambaugh, etc. • IT Applications Support: Mr. Murat Uludogan, Mr. Lon Kepler, Mr. Seong Chow, Mr. Peter Tang, Mr. Dayna Aronson, Mr. Mark Bowl, Mr. Joshua Harcourt, Mr. Vincent Devine, Mr. Andrew Esselman, Mr. Steve Pharo, etc. The authors also gratefully acknowledge their major software vendors, Western Utilities, and innovation research partners. The RC’s advanced real-time tools could not be implemented and operated successfully without their dedicated support and collaborations: • GE/Alstom for EMS/DTS/WAMS Support: Mr. Srinivas M., Mr. Davis Huang, Mr. Suresh Prenus, Dr. Xingkang Wang, and Dr. Manu Parashar etc.