Advanced Nanotube and Nanofiber Materials PDF
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NANOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A N DVANCED ANOTUBE AND NANOFIBER MATERIALS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. N S ANOTECHNOLOGY CIENCE T AND ECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-books tab. M S ATERIALS CIENCE T AND ECHNOLOGIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-books tab. NANOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A N DVANCED ANOTUBE AND NANOFIBER MATERIALS A. K. HAGHI AND G. E. ZAIKOV EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Advanced nanotube and nanofiber materials / editors, A.K. Haghi, G.E. Zaikov. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:22) (eBook) 1. Nanotubes. 2. Nanostructured materials. I. Haghi, A. K. II. Zaikov, G. E. (Gennadii Efremovich), 1935- TA418.9.N35A32875 2012 620.1'15--dc23 2012005444 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotubes 1 A. K. Haghi Chapter 2 Recent Progress on Carbon Nanotube/Nanofiber Composites 21 A. K. Haghi Chapter 3 The Modern Experimental and Theoretical Analysis Methods of Particulate-filled Nanocomposites Structure 55 G. V. Kozlov, Yu. G. Yanovskii and G. E. Zaikov Chapter 4 Conductive Carbon Nanotube/Nanofiber Composite 89 A. K. Haghi Chapter 5 Nanostructured Fabrics Based on Electrospun Nanofibers 109 A. K. Haghi Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotubes Geometry and Reinforcement Degree of Polymer Nanocomposites 127 Z. M. Zhirikova, V. Z. Aloev, G. V. Kozlov and G. E. Zaikov Chapter 7 Use of Electrospinning Technique in Production of Chitosan/Carbon Nanotube 135 A. K. Haghi vi Contents Chapter 8 Combustion and Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene in the Presence of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Composites 143 G. E. Zaikov, S. M. Lomakin, N. G. Shilkina and R. Kozlowski Index 163 PREFACE Nowadays, the promising field of nanotechnology has a revolutionary impact on science and technology. Although the development of nanotechnology occurred in the late eighties, the idea of nanotechnology was introduced in 1959, when Feynman, in his talk on the possibility to precisely manipulate atoms and molecules commented, "But I am not afraid to consider the final question as to whether, ultimately in the great future we can arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way down!" Thereafter, the field of nanotechnology was created by Eric Drexler by expanding Feynman's vision of molecular manufacturing with contemporary developments in understanding protein function. Drexler discussed the possibility of molecular manufacturing as a process of fabricating objects with specific atomic specifications using designed protein molecules. Although the term “nanotechnology” is used by Taniguchi in 1974, in a different context, Drexler is credited as being the first person to use the word nanotechnology in his famous book Engines of Creation -The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Although the terms nanomaterial and nanocomposite represent new and exciting fields in materials science, such materials have actually been used for centuries and have always existed in nature. However, it is only recently that the means to characterize and control structure at the nanoscale have stimulated rational investigation and exploitation. A nanocomposite is defined as a composite material where at least one of the dimensions of one of its constituents is on the nano-metre size scale. The term usually also implies the combination of two (or more) distinct materials, such as a ceramic and a polymer, rather than spontaneously phase-segregated structures. The challenge and interest in developing nanocomposites is to find ways to create macroscopic components that benefit from the unique physical and mechanical viii A. K. Haghi and G. E. Zaikov properties of very small objects within them. Natural materials such as bone, tooth, and nacre are very good examples of the successful implementation of this concept, offering excellent mechanical properties compared to those of their constituent materials. Such composites actually exhibit beautifully organized levels of hierarchical structure from macroscopic to microscopic length scales and provide a powerful motivation for improving our processing control. Currently, we are striving to understand the behavior of just the smallest building blocks in such materials, which are the natural versions of nanocomposites. Significantly, two contrasting phases are often combined: a hard nanoscale reinforcement (such as hydroxyapatite or calcium carbonate) is embedded in a soft, usually protein-based, matrix. Although the composite character of these materials itself plays a crucial role, the question remains as to why the nano-metre scale is so important. -9 The term Nano, a factor of 10 , has its origin in the Greek word nanos, meaning dwarf. A nanostructure is an object of size between molecular and microscopic structures. It is a product at the molecular scale. However, nanoparticles are very tiny aggregations of atoms; they are bigger than most of the molecules. Generally, there are two processes to create nanoscale materials from atoms and molecules. First is the “bottom-up” process that creates nanoscale materials from atoms and molecules. The second process is the "top-down" process that creates nanoscale materials from their macro-scale counterparts. Nanostructured materials are used in several applications like catalysis, electronics, separation technologies, sensors, information storage, drug delivery systems, diagnostics, energy batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, etc. The prospective of nanomaterials in biomedical and industrial applications for human health and environment are now well established. Moreover, the nanoclusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanoporous materials, nanowires, hybrid nanocomposites, etc., are used in every branch of science and technology. Nanoscience is its interdisciplinary nature—its practice requires researchers to cross the traditional boundaries between the experimental and theoretical fields of chemistry and physics, materials science and engineering, biology and medicine, to work together. Various research fields including physics, chemists, material scientists, and engineers are involved in this research. Nanochemistry, the first step in nanotechnology, is a new branch of nanoscience that permits controlling chemical parameters in order to grow nano-objects. Thus, it attracts tremendous attention in recent researches.
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