Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment

521 Pages·2017·3.515 MB·English

by  Shahid Ul-Islam

Advanced Materials for
Wastewater Treatment
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Advanced Materials for
Wastewater Treatment
Edited by
Shahid-ul-Islam
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-40776-8 
Cover image: The Editor
Cover design by: Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
1 Arsenic: Toxic Effects and Remediation 1
Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui and Saif Ali Chaudhry
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Arsenic Concentration in Water 2
1.3 Exposure of Arsenic in Human Body 3
1.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Arsenious Compounds 4
1.5 Arsenic Toxicity and Mechanism 6
1.5.1 O xidative Stress 6
1.5.2 Binding to Sulfhydryl Group 7
1.5.3 Replacement of Phosphate Group 8
1.5.4 Alternation in the Gene Expression 9
1.5.5 Arsenic Impairs Glucose Catabolism 9
1.6 Detoxification of Arsenic 10
1.6.1 Antioxidants Agents 10
1.6.2 Chelating Agents 11
1.7 Arsenic Remediation Technologies 12
1.8 Adsorption and Recent Advancement 15
1.9 Conclusion 16
Acknowledgment 17
Abbreviations 17
References 18
2 Recent Trends in Textile Effluent Treatments: A Review 29
Shumaila Kiran, Shahid Adeel, Sofia Nosheen,
Atya Hassan, Muhammad Usman and
Muhammad Asim Rafique
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Industrial Dyes, Dying Practices, and
Associated Problems 31
2.3 W astewater Remediation 31
v
vi Contents
2.4 Physical Methods 33
2.4.1 Adsorption 35
2.4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation 35
2.4.3 Membrane Processes 35
2.4.4 Ultra Filtration 36
2.4.5 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) 36
2.4.6 Reverse Osmosis 36
2.4.7 Nanofiltration 37
2.5 Chemical Methods 37
2.5.1 Photo Catalytic Degradation of Dyes 37
2.5.2 Oxidation and Photocatalysis with
Hydrogen Peroxide 38
2.5.3 Ozonation 39
2.5.4 Degradation of Dyes Using Sodium Hypochlorite
(NaOCl) 39
2.5.5 Electrochemical Method 39
2.6 Bioremediation 40
2.7 Products Recognition and Mechanisms of
Dye Degradation 40
2.8 Conclusion 42
2.9 Future Outlook 43
References 43
3 Polyaniline as an Inceptive Dye Adsorbent from Effluent 51
Raminder Kaur and Monika Duhan
3.1 Introduction 52
3.1.1 Effluent from the Industries 53
3.2 Pollution Due to Dyes 56
3.2.1 Lethal Effects of Dyes 57
3.3 Methods Used for the Dye Removal 58
3.3.1 Removal of Dyes by Adsorption 59
3.3.1.1 Factors Affecting Adsorption 62
3.4 Adsorption Kinetics 71
3.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms 72
3.5 Polyaniline: An Emerging Adsorbent 74
3.5.1 Polyaniline in Dye Removal 74
3.5.2 Polyaniline in Metal Ions Removal 81
3.5.3 Polyaniline in Phenols Removal 83
3.5.4 Polyaniline in Acid Removal 83
3.6 Conclusion 84
References 84
Contents vii
4 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbents for
Wastewater Remediation 101
Mohammad Asaduddin Laskar, Rajeev Kumar and
Mohamed A. Barakat
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbent 103
4.2.1 Algae Biosorbent 103
4.2.2 Fungi Biosorbent 106
4.2.3 Bacteria Biosorbent 111
4.3 Biosorption Mechanism 114
4.3.1 A lgae-Based Biocomposite 114
4.3.2 Bacteria-Based Bio-Composite 116
4.3.3 F ungi-Based Biocomposite 119
4.4 Conclusion 120
References 122
5 Remediation of Cr (VI) Using Clay Minerals, Biomasses and
Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents 129
Rashmi Acharya, Satyabadi Martha and K. M. Parida
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 I sotherm Models 133
5.2.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model 133
5.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm Model 134
5.2.3 Dubnin–Radushkevich Isotherm Model 135
5.3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 135
5.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 136
5.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 136
5.4.2 Pseudo-Second–Order Kinetics 137
5.5 S olution pH 137
5.6 Clay Minerals 139
5.6.1 N atural Clay Minerals 139
5.6.2 Natural Clay Minerals Along with Reducing Agents 140
5.6.3 Modified Clay Minerals 140
5.7 B iomasses 146
5.8 Industrial Wastes 159
5.9 Conclusion 161
References 163
6. Microbial Diversity as a Tool for Wastewater Treatment 171
Sadia Ilyas and Haq Nawaz Bhatti
6.1 Overview of Wastewater; Sources, Pollutants, and
Characteristics 171
viii Contents
6.1.1 Biodiversity of Wastewater Plants 175
6.2 Role of Dominant Wastewater Treatment Communities
in Biodegradation 179
6.2.1 Hydrolytic Microbial Community 179
6.2.2 Acetogenic, Coliforms, and Cyanobacterial
Community 181
6.2.3 Denitrifying, Fecal Coliforms, and Fermentative
Microbial Community 182
6.2.4 Floc-Forming and Gram-Negative Microbial
Community 183
6.2.5 Nocardioforms and Methane-Forming Microbial
Community 183
6.2.6 Nitrifying Microbial Community 184
6.2.7 Denitrifying Microbial Community 187
6.2.8 Phosphorous Solubilizing Microbial Community 190
6.2.9 Sulfur Oxidizing and Reducing Microbial
Community 197
6.3 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewater 200
6.3.1 Preliminary Treatments 200
6.3.2 Primary Treatments 204
6.3.3 Secondary/Biological Treatments 205
6.3.3.1 Aerated Lagoons and Bioaugmentation 207
6.3.3.2 Trickling Filter Process 211
6.3.3.3 Activated Sludge Process 213
6.3.3.4 Oxidation Ditch and Oxidation
Pond Process 214
6.3.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion Process 216
6.3.3.6 Biogenic Enzymatic Wastewater
Treatment 216
6.4 Conclusion 218
References 218
7 Role of Plant Species in Bioremediation of Heavy
Metals from Polluted Areas and Wastewaters 223
Mayerly Alexandra Oyuela Leguizamo
7.1 Introduction 224
7.2 Heavy Metals (HM) Worldwide 225
7.3 Allochthonous and Autochthonous Plants 227
7.4 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (HM) 231
Contents ix
7.4.1 Phytoremediation 231
7.4.2 Phytoremediation Approaches and Technologies 231
7.5 Methodology 238
7.6 Analysis of Research on Heavy Metals (HM) and
Native and Endemic Plant Species 238
7.7 Results 249
7.8 Conclusion 249
References 252
8 Bioremediation: A Green, Sustainable and Eco-Friendly
Technique for the Remediation of Pollutants 263
Munawar Iqbal, Arif Nazir, Mazhar Abbas,
Qudsia Kanwal and Dure Najaf Iqbal
8.1 Introduction 264
8.2 Immobilization 264
8.3 Enzyme Immobilization Strategies 265
8.4 Adsorption 265
8.5 Entrapment 267
8.6 Encapsulation 268
8.7 C ovalent Binding 269
8.8 Self-Immobilization 270
8.9 Properties of Immobilized Enzymes 271
8.9.1 Immobilized LiP 271
8.9.2 Immobilized MnP 273
8.9.3 Immobilized Lac 274
8.10 Enzymes Sources 276
8.11 Conditions for Lipid Degradation 276
8.12 Environmental Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes 279
8.12.1 Degradation and Decolorization of Industrial
(Textile) Dyes 279
8.12.2 Dye Decolorization with Free Ligninolytic
Enzymes 280
8.12.3 Dye Removal by Immobilized Ligninolytic
Enzymes 286
8.12.4 Degradation of Lipids 291
8.12.5 Degradation of Miscellaneous Compounds 292
8.12.6 Xenobiotics and Industrial Effluents 295
8.12.7 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds 296
8.13 Conclusions 299
References 300
x Contents
9 Role of Plant-Based Biochar in Pollutant Removal:
An Overview 313
D.S. Malik, C.K. Jain, Anuj K. Yadav and Sushmita Banerjee
9.1 Introduction 313
9.2 Preparation Methods of Biochar 315
9.2.1 Pyrolysis 315
9.2.2 Slow Pyrolysis 315
9.2.3 Fast Pyrolysis 315
9.2.4 Gasification 315
9.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization 315
9.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Plant-Based Biochar 316
9.3.1 pH 317
9.3.2 A sh Content 317
9.3.3 Moisture Content 317
9.3.4 Bulk Density 317
9.3.5 Elemental Analysis 320
9.3.6 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) 320
9.3.7 SEM and EDX 320
9.3.8 FTIR 320
9.4 Biochar for Heavy Metal Removal 320
9.5 Biochar for Dye Removal 321
9.6 Biochar for Fluoride Removal 322
9.7 Biochar for Persistent Organic Pollutant Removal 323
9.8 Biochar for Other Pollutant Removal 323
9.9 Biochar for Soil Treatment/Improvement 324
9.10 Conclusion 324
Acknowledgments 325
References 325
10 A Review on Ferrate(VI) and Photocatalysis as Oxidation
Processes for the Removal of Organic Pollutants in
Water and Wastewater 331
Kyriakos Manoli, Malini Ghosh, George Nakhla and
Ajay K. Ray
10.1 Introduction 332
10.2 Ferrate(VI) 335
10.2.1 Introduction 335
10.2.2 S ynthesis 336
10.2.2.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 336
10.2.2.2 Wet Chemical Method 338
10.2.2.3 Dry Thermal Method 338
10.2.3 Characterization 338