Advanced Heat Transfer, Second Edition

537 Pages·2018·12.399 MB·English

by  F. Naterer, Greg

Advanced Heat Transfer
Second Edition

Advanced Heat Transfer
Second Edition
Greg F. Naterer
CRCPress
Taylor&FrancisGroup
6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300
BocaRaton,FL33487-2742
©2018byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
CRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusiness
NoclaimtooriginalU.S.Governmentworks
Printedonacid-freepaper
InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-1-138-57932-3(Hardback)
Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmade
topublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandpublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalidityofall
materialsortheconsequencesoftheiruse.Theauthorsandpublishershaveattemptedtotracethecopyrightholdersofall
materialreproducedinthispublicationandapologizetocopyrightholdersifpermissiontopublishinthisformhasnot
beenobtained.Ifanycopyrightmaterialhasnotbeenacknowledgedpleasewriteandletusknowsowemayrectifyinany
futurereprint.
ExceptaspermittedunderU.S.CopyrightLaw,nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,orutilized
inanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying,
microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,pleaseaccesswww.copyright.com(http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923,978-750-8400.CCCisanot-for-profitorganizationthatprovideslicensesandregistrationforavarietyofusers.For
organizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebytheCCC,aseparatesystemofpaymenthasbeenarranged.
TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyfor
identificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Naterer,GregF.,author.
Title:Advancedheattransfer/GregNaterer.
Description:Secondedition.|BocaRaton:Taylor&Francis,CRCPress,
2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2017058762|ISBN9781138579323(hardback)|ISBN
9781351262248(E-book)
Subjects:LCSH:Heat--Transmission.
Classification:LCCTJ260.N342852018|DDC621.402/2--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017058762
VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteat
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
andtheCRCPressWebsiteat
http://www.crcpress.com
VisittheeResources:https:////www.crcpress.com//9781138579323
Tomywife,Josie;ourchildren,Jordan,Julia,andVeronica;
andmyparents,foralloftheirloveandsupport.

Contents
Preface................................................................................... xiii
Author.................................................................................... xv
ListofSymbols..........................................................................xvii
1. Introduction........................................................................... 1
1.1 FundamentalConceptsandDefinitions........................................ 2
1.2 ConservationofEnergy ........................................................ 4
1.3 ThermophysicalProperties..................................................... 5
1.3.1 ThermodynamicProperties............................................ 5
1.3.2 KinematicProperties................................................... 7
1.3.3 TransportProperties................................................... 8
1.4 HeatConduction.............................................................. 10
1.5 Convection .................................................................... 12
1.6 ThermalRadiation............................................................. 14
1.7 PhaseChangeHeatTransfer .................................................. 16
1.8 MassTransfer ................................................................. 17
Problems.............................................................................. 19
References ............................................................................ 21
2. HeatConduction..................................................................... 23
2.1 Introduction................................................................... 23
2.2 One-DimensionalHeatConduction........................................... 24
2.2.1 HeatConductionEquation............................................24
2.2.2 ThermalResistance ...................................................27
2.2.3 FinsandExtendedSurfaces...........................................33
2.3 MultidimensionalConduction ................................................ 37
2.3.1 CartesianCoordinates ................................................37
2.3.2 OrthogonalCurvilinearCoordinates..................................39
2.4 MethodofSeparationofVariables............................................ 43
2.5 ConformalMapping........................................................... 47
2.6 TransientHeatConduction.................................................... 54
2.6.1 LumpedCapacitanceMethod.........................................54
2.6.2 Semi-InfiniteSolid ....................................................56
2.6.3 UnidirectionalConduction............................................58
Problems.............................................................................. 60
References ............................................................................ 66
3. Convection........................................................................... 67
3.1 Introduction................................................................... 67
3.2 GoverningEquations.......................................................... 68
3.2.1 ConservationofMass(ContinuityEquation).........................69
vii
viii Contents
3.2.2 ConservationofMomentum(Navier–StokesEquations) .............70
3.2.3 TotalEnergy(FirstLawofThermodynamics)........................73
3.2.4 MechanicalEnergyEquation..........................................75
3.2.5 InternalEnergyEquation .............................................76
3.2.6 TransformationtoDimensionlessVariables ..........................78
3.2.7 BuckinghamPiTheorem..............................................82
3.3 ConvectionBoundaryLayers ................................................. 83
3.3.1 BoundaryLayerEquations............................................83
3.3.2 HeatandMomentumAnalogies......................................87
3.3.3 EvaporativeCooling..................................................89
3.4 ExternalForcedConvection................................................... 90
3.4.1 ScaleAnalysis.........................................................90
3.4.2 IntegralAnalysis......................................................91
3.4.3 ExternalFlowoveraFlatPlate .......................................93
3.5 CylinderinCrossFlow........................................................ 99
3.6 OtherExternalFlowConfigurations .........................................101
3.6.1 Sphere............................................................... 101
3.6.2 TubeBundles ....................................................... 102
3.7 InternalFlow.................................................................103
3.7.1 PoiseuilleFlowinCircularTubes................................... 103
3.7.2 NoncircularDucts................................................... 111
3.8 FreeConvection..............................................................113
3.8.1 BoundaryLayerFlowonaVerticalFlatPlate...................... 113
3.8.2 BodyGravityFunctionMethod..................................... 118
3.8.3 SphericalGeometries................................................ 122
3.8.4 TiltedRectangularEnclosures ...................................... 124
3.9 IntroductiontoTurbulence...................................................124
3.9.1 TurbulenceSpectrum ............................................... 125
3.9.2 ReynoldsAveragedNavier–StokesEquations...................... 127
3.9.3 EddyViscosity...................................................... 129
3.9.4 MixingLength ...................................................... 129
3.9.5 Near-WallFlow..................................................... 130
3.9.6 OneandTwoEquationClosureModels............................ 131
3.10 EntropyandtheSecondLaw.................................................132
3.10.1 FormulationofEntropyProduction ................................ 132
3.10.2 ApparentEntropyProductionDifference........................... 136
3.10.3 DimensionlessEntropyProductionNumber ....................... 139
Problems.............................................................................141
References ...........................................................................148
4. ThermalRadiation.................................................................. 151
4.1 Introduction..................................................................151
4.2 ElectromagneticSpectrum....................................................152
4.3 RadiationIntensity...........................................................153
4.4 BlackbodyRadiation .........................................................156
4.5 RadiativeSurfaceProperties .................................................159
4.6 RadiationExchangebetweenSurfaces .......................................163
4.7 ThermalRadiationinEnclosures.............................................166
Contents ix
4.7.1 RadiationExchangeataSurface.................................... 167
4.7.2 RadiationExchangebetweenSurfaces.............................. 168
4.7.3 Two-SurfaceEnclosures............................................. 170
4.8 SolarRadiation...............................................................172
4.8.1 ComponentsofSolarRadiation..................................... 172
4.8.2 SolarAngles ........................................................ 176
4.8.3 IncidentSolarRadiation ............................................ 179
4.9 SolarCollectors...............................................................182
4.9.1 CollectorEfficiencyandHeatLosses ............................... 182
4.9.2 TemperatureDistribution........................................... 185
4.9.3 HeatRemovalFactor................................................ 187
Problems.............................................................................190
References ...........................................................................193
5. Gas–LiquidTwo-PhaseFlows...................................................... 195
5.1 Introduction..................................................................195
5.2 PoolBoiling ..................................................................196
5.2.1 PhysicalProcesses................................................... 196
5.2.2 NucleatePoolBoiling............................................... 198
5.2.3 FilmPoolBoiling.................................................... 200
5.3 BoilingonInclinedSurfaces..................................................201
5.4 ForcedConvectionBoilinginExternalFlow.................................203
5.4.1 OveraFlatPlate .................................................... 203
5.4.2 OutsideaHorizontalTube.......................................... 203
5.4.3 OtherSurfaceConfigurations....................................... 204
5.5 Two-PhaseFlowinVerticalTubes...........................................205
5.5.1 VerticalFlowRegimes.............................................. 205
5.5.2 DynamicsandHeatTransferofBubbleFlow....................... 206
5.5.3 AnnularFlowMomentumandHeatTransfer...................... 209
5.6 InternalHorizontalTwo-PhaseFlows........................................213
5.6.1 FlowRegimesinHorizontalTubes................................. 213
5.6.2 DispersedBubbleFlow ............................................. 215
5.6.3 One-DimensionalModelofStratifiedFlow......................... 217
5.6.4 PlugandAnnularFlowCorrelations ............................... 220
5.6.5 Multi-RegimeNusseltNumberCorrelations........................ 221
5.7 LaminarFilmCondensation..................................................222
5.7.1 AxisymmetricBodies ............................................... 223
5.7.2 OtherConfigurations ............................................... 226
5.8 TurbulentFilmCondensation................................................227
5.8.1 OveraVerticalPlate................................................ 227
5.8.2 OutsideaSphere.................................................... 228
5.9 ForcedConvectionCondensation............................................231
5.9.1 InternalFlowinTubes.............................................. 231
5.9.2 OutsideaSingleHorizontalTube................................... 234
5.9.3 FinnedTubes........................................................ 236
5.10 ThermosyphonsandHeatPipes .............................................236
5.10.1 TransportProcesses................................................. 236