Advanced Healthcare Materials

559 Pages·2014·5.929 MB·English

by  Ashutosh Tiwari

Advanced Healthcare Materials
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Advance Materials Series
Th e Advance Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating
fi eld of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of
structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state proper-
ties, and applications. Th e volumes will cover theoretical and experimental
approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type
composite materials, functionalized polymers, superamolecular systems, infor-
mation- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environ-
mental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and
the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.
Series Editor: Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari
Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre
Linköping University
SE-581 83 Linköping
Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Advanced Healthcare
Materials
Edited by
Ashutosh Tiwari
Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre,
Linköping University, Sweden
Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-77359-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
List of Contributors xix
Part 1: Functional Th erapeutics 1
1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 3
Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar
1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 4
1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 5
1.3 Delivery Systems 6
1.3.1 Hydrogels 6
1.3.2 Dendrimers 7
1.3.3 Liposomes 8
1.3.4 Niosomes 8
1.3.5 Polymersomes 9
1.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) 10
1.3.7 Micro- and Nanoemulsions 11
1.3.8 Micelles 12
1.3.9 Carbon Nanomaterials 13
1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 13
1.4.1 Polyesters 13
1.4.2 Poly-ε-caprolactone 14
1.4.3 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates) 15
1.4.4 Polyethylene Glycol 16
1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 17
1.5.1 Top-Down Approach 17
1.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach 18
1.5.3 Hybrid Approach 18
1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 18
1.6.1 Emulsifi cation-Solvent Evaporation 18
1.6.2 Solvent-Displacement, -Diff usion, or
Nanoprecipitation 19
v
vi Contents
1.6.3 Emulsifi cation-Solvent Diff usion (ESD) 20
1.6.4 Salting-Out 20
1.6.5 Dialysis 21
1.6.6 Supercritical Fluid Technology 21
1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 22
1.7.1 Conventional Emulsion Polymerization 22
1.7.2 Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization 22
1.7.3 Mini-Emulsion Polymerization 23
1.7.4 Micro-Emulsion Polymerization 23
1.7.5 Interfacial Polymerization 23
1.8 Purifi cation of Nanoparticle 24
1.8.1 Evaporation 24
1.8.2 Filtrations Th rough Mesh or Filters 24
1.8.3 Centrifugation 25
1.8.4 Ultracentrifugation 25
1.8.5 Dialysis 25
1.8.6 Gel Filtration 26
1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 26
1.9.1 Freeze Drying 26
1.9.2 Spray-Drying 27
1.10 Drug Loading 27
1.11 Drug Release 28
1.12 Conclusion 29
References 29
2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We are and
Where We have to Go! 37
Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava
2.1 Cancer Pathology 38
2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 39
2.3 Treatment 43
Conclusion 44
References 44
3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and
Drug Delivery 49
Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo
and Ivan R. Green
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug
Delivery Systems 50
Contents vii
3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 54
3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and
Medical Applications 66
3.4.1 Introduction 66
3.4.2 Synthesis, Properties and Structures of MOFs 67
3.4.3 MOFs as Drug Delivery Agents 69
3.4.4 Applications of MOFs as NO storage 73
3.4.5 Applications of Bio-MOFs as Sensors 75
3.5 Conclusions 77
References 77
4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of
Alzheimer’s Disease 87
S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras,
and K. Papadia
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Nanoparticles 88
4.2.1 Types of NPs Used for Th erapy and/or Diagnosis 91
4.2.2 Physicochemical Properties and their Eff ect
on the in vivo Fate of Nanoparticle Formulations 96
4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located
Pathologies: Focus on AD 98
4.3.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases; AD and Related
Pathologies 98
4.3.2 Th e Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) 99
4.3.2.1 BBB Physiology 99
4.3.2.2 Methods to Overcome the BBB 102
4.3.3 In vitro and in vivo Models for BBB Permeability and
AD Diagnostic/Th erapeutic Approach Assesment 106
4.3.3.1 In vitro Methods 106
4.3.3.2 In vivo (and in situ) Methods 108
4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 112
4.4.1 Tau-targeted Strategies—Available Ligands 112
4.4.1.1 Ligands Available for Tau Targeting 119
4.4.2 Amyloid Plaque or Aβ- species Targeted Strategies 123
4.4.2.1 Aβ Peptide Formation 123
4.4.2.2 Aβ Transport Across the BBB-Strategies
for Th erapy 124
4.4.2.3 Aβ Peptide Species 125
4.4.2.4 Ligands Available to Target Aβ 126
viii Contents
4.4.3 Is Passing the BBB Always Needed?—Sink Th eory 135
4.4.4 Functionalization of Ligands to NPs 135
4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 138
4.5.1 Introduction 138
4.5.2 Organic NPs for AD Diagnosis 138
4.5.3 Inorganic NPs for AD Diagnosis 144
4.5.4 Other NP-Types for Diagnosis of AD 147
4.6 Nanoparticles for Th erapy of AD 148
4.6.1 Polymeric NPs for Th erapy of AD 148
4.6.2 Lipidic NPs for Th erapy of AD 156
4.6.3 Other NP Types 158
4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 162
Acknowledgments 163
References 163
Part 2: Point-of-care Diagnostics 181
5 Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible
Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles and Th eir Application
in Biosensor 183
Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric
Micro- and Nanoparticles 185
5.3 Th e Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System
for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 187
5.3.1 In vitro Coagulation Time Tests 188
5.3.2 Complement and Platelet Activation Detection 188
5.3.3 Percent Hemolysis of RBCs 190
5.3.4 Morphological Changes of RBCs 190
5.3.5 Cytotoxic Assessment 191
5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection
in Whole Blood 192
5.4.1 Evaluation of GOx/(Hep-PU) Hybrids 192
5.4.2 Evaluation of Whole Blood Adhesion Tests 193
5.4.3 Direct Electrochemistry of GOx/(Hep-PU)/
GCE and Calibration Curve 195
5.4.4 Human Blood Samples Measurement 197
5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 198
References 199