Advanced environmental analysis: applications of nanomaterials

558 Pages·2016·20.883 MB·English

by  Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Boris Kharisov (eds.)

Advanced Environmental Analysis
Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 1
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RSC Detection Science Series
Editor-in-Chief
Professor Michael Thompson, University of Toronto, Canada
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36 Dr Sub Reddy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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26 Professor Damien Arrigan, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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97 Titles in the Series:
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03 1: Sensor Technology in Neuroscience
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c.or 5: Microfluidics in Detection Science: Lab-on-a-chip Technologies
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Advanced Environmental
Analysis
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oi:1 RSC Detection Science Series No. 9
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c. Two volume set print ISBN: 978-1-78262-907-8
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on A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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2 © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
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The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work.
The authors have sought to locate owners of all reproduced material not in their
own possession and trust that no copyrights have been inadvertently infringed.
Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,
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Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK
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36 Preface
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oi:1 Environmental analysis has become a topic of considerable importance
g | d these days. It is not only significant to environmentalists but also to
or regulators, decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations
c.
s.rs assessing the impact of pollutants on the environment, and it has evolved
ub as a true discipline throughout the world. In recent years, there has been a
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p:// rapid union of nanotechnology and analytical sciences. This convergence,
htt although highly interdisciplinary in nature, has been brought about by new
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o technologies that have led to application-specific devices, for example lab-
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01 on-a chip. The high demand for advanced comprehensive understanding
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er and awareness of more accurate and precise measurement tools for pollut-
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o vergence. The reduction in size from bulk to micro- and nano-scale promises
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8 high sensitivity, high speed, increased selectivity and increased device lifetime
on 0 for new devices. Instruments with more sensitivity are required today to analyze
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he ultra-trace levels of environmental pollutants, pathogens in water, and low
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bli vapor pressure energetic materials in air.
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P The objective of this book is to provide an overview of new developments
for a variety of environmental analytical techniques. Every effort has been
made to include the state-of-the-art to show improvements in environmental
analytical techniques and processes due to nanomaterials in the book.
Additionally, special attention is paid to those approaches that are green and
reduce the cost of the analysis, process both in terms of chemicals and time
consumption. In the end the legal, economical and toxicity aspects of nano-
materials are also presented in detail.
To put all of the shared knowledge into perspective, add a touch of reality
to the concepts, and to cover extensive expansion of the applications of nano-
materials in the environmental analysis field, the book is divided into two
volumes and each volume has subdivisions of several sections. Moreover, to
RSC Detection Science Series No. 9
Advanced Environmental Analysis: Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 1
Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Boris Kharisov
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
View Online
vi Preface
maintain coherence in the flow of knowledge, these sections are patterned
in a continuous manner in both volumes. As a result, sections one to four are
contained in the first volume, whereas sections five to ten are provided in the
second volume.
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0 In Volume One, the first section talks about the perspective of analytical
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F sciences in relation to nanotechnology, synthetic techniques for nanomate-
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2 tion of the mechanisms of adsorption on nanomaterials. The second section
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8 encompasses the recent advances in sample preparation and extraction
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8 techniques for organic and inorganic pollutants with nanomaterials. The
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9/ third section is all about new developments in separation techniques with a
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10 focus on applications of nanomaterials for chromatography and membrane
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1 technology. The fourth section incorporates spectroscopic techniques using
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d nanomaterials, especially surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), for
org | detection of environmental pollutants.
sc. In Volume Two, the fifth section describes new trends in environmental anal-
bs.r ysis, i.e., applications of magnetic nanomaterials, nano-sensors, composite
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p:// materials and nano-bio sensors, like nanozymes. The sixth section talks
htt about the applications of nanomaterials for water treatment and purifica-
on tion techniques. The effects of nanomaterials on the environment and the
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1 ecosystem in terms of their toxicity, safety regulations and economic issues
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8 nology. In the last section, the editors provide concluding remarks about the
n 0 application of nanomaterials for environmental analysis.
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ed The selection of these sections in both volumes is based on the most recent
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blis research, teaching, the practical experience of editors and the philosophy
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tributing authors are selected from a wide cross-section around the world.
The diversity of authors for each chapter and their disciplinary backgrounds
reveal the interdisciplinary emphasis of this book. Thanks to the multidisci-
plinary nature of this book, the reader can enjoy a lot of knowledge in one
place.
The anticipated audience is scientists, researchers, consultants, regula-
tors and engineers. Moreover, graduate students will find this book to be
very useful in their research and understanding of advances in environmen-
tal analysis techniques and beyond. The book is also intended to provide
more experienced researchers with a condensed summary of the influence of
nanotechnology on analytical techniques and excellent up-to-date references
that will prove useful in their future endeavors. The editors and contributors
are lead scientists and researchers in academia and industry in their subject
areas. On behalf of the Royal Society of Chemistry, we are very thankful to
all contributors for their special and hard work in the making of this book.
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36 Contents
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1 Section I: Introduction-Perspective of Analytical Sciences,
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oi: Properties, Mechanism of Adsorption on Nanomaterials
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n 08 1.3 Nanoparticles 15
o 1.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles 15
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1.3.4 Carbon Allotropes 19
1.3.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Nanoparticles 21
1.4 Analytical Applications of Nanostructured Materials 21
1.4.1 Nano Drug Delivery Application 22
1.4.2 Energy Application 23
1.4.3 Environmental Applications 24
1.4.4 Electronic Applications 25
1.4.5 Food Industry Applications 27
1.5 Biomimetics 28
1.5.1 Nanobiosensors 29
1.6 Limitations of Nanotechnology in Analytical
Sciences 30
RSC Detection Science Series No. 9
Advanced Environmental Analysis: Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 1
Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Boris Kharisov
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
View Online
viii Contents
1.7 Conclusions 31
References 31
Chapter 2 Novel Synthetic Techniques for Nanomaterials 35
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org | 2.3 Results 41
sc. 2.3.1 Structural Characterization 41
bs.r 2.3.2 Microstructural Characterization 41
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n 0 Jianchao Cai, Yiwen Ju, Xiangyun Hu and Boming Yu
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3.3 Fractal Aggregation of Nanoparticles 66
3.4 Fractal Analysis of Yield Stress Property of
Nanoparticle Aggregation 69
3.5 Conclusions 70
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
Chapter 4 Removal of Pollutants from the Environment
Using Sorbents and Nanocatalysts 74
H. R. Aghabozorg and S. Sadegh Hassani
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Fuels 75
4.3 Elimination of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 80
4.4 Separation of the Dangerous Radionuclides
from Liquid Nuclear Wastes 83
4.5 Conclusion 84
References 84
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Chapter 5 Mechanism of Adsorption on Nanomaterials 90
Rani Bushra, Anees Ahmed and Mohammad Shahadat
5.1 Introduction 90
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bs.r Materials 112
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6.6.2 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Phenols 127
6.6.3 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Heavy Metals 128
6.6.4 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Gases 129
6.7 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.1 Silicon-Based Nanoparticles as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.2 Silicon-Based Nanotubes as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.3 Silicon-Based Nanosheets as Nanoadsorbents 132
6.8 Polymer-Based Nanoadsorbents 132
6.9 Conclusion 133
Acknowledgements 134
References 134
Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 139
S. Azzaza, R. Thinesh Kumar, J. Judith Vijaya and
M. Bououdina
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Sources of Heavy Metal in the Environment 140
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7.3 Nanotechnology for Environment Remediation 140
7.4 Types of Adsorbents 142
7.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 142
7.4.2 Metal-Based Nanomaterials 146
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org | 8.2 Experimental 171
sc. 8.2.1 Auger Spectra 171
bs.r 8.2.2 Raman Spectra 174
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Nanomaterials: Synthetic Routes, Structures,
Compositions and Properties 193
Víctor Manuel Jiménez-Pérez, Oxana V. Kharissova and
Blanca M. Muñoz Flores
9.1 Introduction 193
9.1.1 Nanomaterials 194
9.1.2 General Data of Nanomaterials
Containing Iron 194
9.2 Syntheses 197
9.2.1 Classic Routes 198
9.2.2 Green Synthesis 198
9.3 Remediation 204
9.3.1 Organic Compounds 204
9.3.2 Metals 206
9.4 Disinfection 209
9.5 Toxicity and Risks of Application of
Iron Nanomaterials 210