Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems

479 Pages·2018·30.053 MB·English

by  Dehong Xu, Frede Blaabjerg, Wenjie Chen, Nan Zhu

ADVANCED CONTROL
OF DOUBLY FED
INDUCTION GENERATOR
FOR WIND POWER
SYSTEMS
IEEEPress
445HoesLane
Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
EkramHossain,EditorinChief
GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer
DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour
DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon
XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp
ADVANCED CONTROL
OF DOUBLY FED
INDUCTION GENERATOR
FOR WIND POWER
SYSTEMS
DEHONG XU
FREDE BLAABJERG
WENJIE CHEN
NAN ZHU
Copyright©2018byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
ISBN:978-1-119-17206-2
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
NOMENCLATURE xv
PART I INTRODUCTIONTOWINDPOWERGENERATION
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 GlobalWindPowerDevelopment 3
1.1.1 GlobalEnvironmentChallengeandEnergyCrisis 3
1.1.2 RenewableEnergyDevelopment 3
1.1.3 WindEnergyDevelopment 4
1.2 EvolutionofWindPowerSystem 5
1.2.1 BasicStructureofaWindTurbine 6
1.2.2 PowerFlowintheWindTurbineSystem 6
1.2.3 Fixed-SpeedWindTurbineSystem 7
1.2.4 Variable-SpeedWindTurbineSystem 8
1.3 PowerElectronicsinWindTurbineSystems 9
1.3.1 PowerElectronicsinFixed-SpeedWindTurbineSystem 9
1.3.2 PowerElectronicsinVariable-SpeedWindTurbineSystem 9
1.4 ChallengesandTrendsinFutureWindPowerTechnology 11
1.4.1 LowerCost 11
1.4.2 LargerCapacity 12
1.4.3 HigherReliability 13
1.4.4 TheApplicationofNewPowerSemiconductorDevices 15
1.4.5 MoreAdvancedGridIntegrationControl 15
1.4.6 ConfigurationsofWindPowerPlants 16
1.5 TheTopicsofThisBook 18
References 18
CHAPTER2 BASICSOFWINDPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEM 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 WindPowerConcept 21
2.2.1 Fixed-SpeedConcept 23
2.2.2 Variable-SpeedConceptwithPartialPowerConverters 23
2.2.3 Variable-SpeedConceptwithFull-ScalePowerConverters 24
2.2.4 HardwareProtectionMethods 25
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3 Variable-SpeedWindTurbine 26
2.3.1 WindTurbineModel 26
2.3.2 PitchControl 28
2.3.3 OverallControlScheme 29
2.3.4 OperationalRangeofWindTurbineSystems 29
2.3.5 WindTurbineOperationAroundCut-InSpeed 31
2.3.6 MPPTOperationofWindTurbine 31
2.3.7 WindTurbineOperationAroundCut-offSpeed 31
2.4 ControlofPowerConverter 31
2.4.1 ControlofDFIGPowerConverter 32
2.4.2 ControlofPMSGPowerConverter 32
2.4.3 ControlofSCIGPowerConverter 33
2.5 WindPowerTransmission 34
2.5.1 WindFarm 34
2.5.2 PowerSystem 35
2.5.3 GridFaults 37
2.5.4 UnbalancedGridVoltage 40
2.5.5 GridHarmonicVoltage 40
2.6 Summary 41
References 41
CHAPTER3 GRIDCODESFORWINDPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMS 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 GridCodeRequirementsUnderNormalOperation 44
3.2.1 FrequencyandVoltageDeviation 44
3.2.2 ActivePowerControl 47
3.2.3 ReactivePowerControl 49
3.2.4 InertialControlandPowerSystemStabilizerFunction 50
3.3 GridCodeRequirementsUnderNon-IdealGrid 51
3.3.1 LowVoltageRide-ThroughRequirement 51
3.3.2 HighVoltageRide-ThroughRequirement 55
3.3.3 RecurringFaultRide-ThroughRequirement 55
3.3.4 UnbalancedGridOperation 57
3.3.5 HarmonicDistortionRequirements 57
3.4 GridCodesforDistributedWindPowerGeneration 58
3.4.1 GridLimitation 59
3.4.2 ActiveandReactivePowerControl 60
3.4.3 OperationunderGridFaults 61
3.5 Summary 62
References 62
PART II MODELINGANDCONTROLOFDFIG
CHAPTER4 MODELINGOFDFIGWINDPOWERSYSTEMS 67
4.1 Introduction 67
CONTENTS vii
4.2 Steady-StateEquivalentCircuitofaDFIG 67
4.2.1 Steady-StateEquivalentCircuitofaDFIG 68
4.2.2 PowerintheDFIG 71
4.3 DynamicModelofaDFIG 74
4.3.1 ABC(abc)Model 75
4.3.2 𝛼𝛽Model 77
4.3.3 dqModel 81
4.4 ModelingoftheConverter 85
4.4.1 Steady-StateEquivalentCircuitoftheConverter 85
4.4.2 abcModelwithLFilter 85
4.4.3 dqModelwithLFilter 89
4.4.4 dqModelwithLCLFilter 91
4.4.5 ModelofthePWMModulator 93
4.4.6 Per-UnitSystem 94
4.5 Summary 95
References 96
CHAPTER5 CONTROLOFDFIGPOWERCONVERTERS 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Start-UpProcessoftheDFIGSystem 99
5.3 Grid-SideConverter 101
5.3.1 ControlTarget 101
5.3.2 GridSynchronization 102
5.3.3 ControlScheme 106
5.3.4 SimplifiedControlModelins-Domain 108
5.3.5 ControllerDesign 111
5.3.6 TestResults 114
5.4 Rotor-SideConverterinPower-ControlMode 114
5.4.1 ControlTarget 114
5.4.2 ControlScheme 114
5.4.3 ControlModelins-Domain 119
5.4.4 ControllerDesign 121
5.4.5 TestResultsfroma1.5MWDFIGWPS 121
5.5 Rotor-SideConverterinSpeed-ControlMode 124
5.5.1 ControlTarget 124
5.5.2 GridSynchronization 124
5.5.3 ControlScheme 124
5.5.4 ControlModelins-Domain 125
5.5.5 TestResults 127
5.6 Rotor-SideConverterinStartingMode 128
5.6.1 ControlTarget 128
5.6.2 GridSynchronization 129
5.6.3 ControlScheme 129
5.6.4 ControlModelins-Domain 131
5.6.5 ControllerDesign 133
5.6.6 ExperimentResults 134
viii CONTENTS
5.7 Control-ModeSwitching 135
5.7.1 FromStartingModetoPower-ControlorSpeed-ControlMode 136
5.7.2 BetweenPower-ControlModeandSpeed-ControlMode 136
5.8 Summary 136
References 137
PART III OPERATIONOFDFIGUNDERDISTORTEDGRID
VOLTAGE
CHAPTER6 ANALYSISOFDFIGUNDERDISTORTEDGRIDVOLTAGE 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 InfluenceonGSC 142
6.2.1 ModelofGSCunderDistortedGridVoltage 142
6.2.2 InfluenceonGridCurrent 144
6.2.3 InfluenceonOutputActiveandReactivePowers 146
6.2.4 InfluenceontheDC-BusVoltage 147
6.2.5 Exampleofa1.5MWDFIGWPS 149
6.3 InfluenceonDFIGandRSC 149
6.3.1 ModelofDFIGandRSCunderDistortedGridVoltage 149
6.3.2 InfluenceonRotorCurrent 152
6.3.3 InfluenceonStatorCurrent 154
6.3.4 InfluenceonActiveandReactivePowers 156
6.3.5 InfluenceonElectromagneticTorque 158
6.3.6 InfluenceonDC-BusVoltage 158
6.3.7 Exampleofa1.5MWDFIGWPS 159
6.4 DiscussiononDifferentControllerParameters 162
6.5 DiscussiononDifferentPowerScales 163
6.6 Summary 164
References 164
CHAPTER7 MULTIPLE-LOOPCONTROLOFDFIGUNDERDISTORTED
GRIDVOLTAGE 167
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 GSCControl 168
7.2.1 ControlTarget 168
7.2.2 ControlScheme 170
7.2.3 SystemmodelwithHarmonicSuppressionLoop 172
7.2.4 ControlEffect 175
7.2.5 TestResults 175
7.3 DFIGandRSCControl 176
7.3.1 ControlTarget 176
7.3.2 ControlScheme 178
7.3.3 SystemModelandControlEffect 179
7.3.4 ControllerDesign 182
7.3.5 SimulationandTestResults 183
CONTENTS ix
7.4 InfluenceontheFundamentalCurrentLoop 188
7.4.1 InfluenceontheStabilityandDynamicResponse 188
7.4.2 SimulationandTestResults 189
7.5 Summary 191
References 192
CHAPTER8 RESONANTCONTROLOFDFIGUNDERGRIDVOLTAGE
HARMONICSDISTORTION 195
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 ResonantController 195
8.2.1 MathematicalModelofaResonantController 195
8.2.2 ResonantControllerindqFrames 197
8.3 StatorCurrentControlUsingResonantControllers 197
8.3.1 ControlTarget 197
8.3.2 ControlScheme 198
8.3.3 ControlModelindqFrame 199
8.3.4 ControlEffect 201
8.3.5 ExperimentalResults 209
8.4 InfluenceonNormalControlLoop 215
8.4.1 StaticPerformance 215
8.4.2 StabilityoftheSystem 218
8.4.3 DynamicPerformance 221
8.5 DesignandOptimizationofCurrentController 222
8.5.1 SystematicDesignProcedure 222
8.5.2 PhaseCompensationMethodsfortheResonantController 223
8.5.3 SimulationResultsofPhaseCompensation 231
8.6 Summary 233
References 234
CHAPTER9 DFIGUNDERUNBALANCEDGRIDVOLTAGE 237
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 RSCandDFIGUnderUnbalancedGridVoltage 237
9.2.1 RotorandStatorCurrents 239
9.2.2 ActiveandReactivePowers 241
9.2.3 ElectromagneticTorque 243
9.2.4 SimulationontheInfluenceofGridVoltageUnbalance 244
9.3 GSCUnderUnbalancedGridVoltage 244
9.3.1 GridCurrent 244
9.3.2 ActivePoweroftheGenerator 246
9.3.3 DC-BusCurrentandVoltage 246
9.4 ControlLimitationsUnderUnbalancedGridVoltage 248
9.4.1 ControlLimitationsofRSC 249
9.4.2 ControlLimitationsofGSC 250
9.4.3 DC-BusCapacitorCurrentandVoltage 253
9.5 Summary 256
References 257
x CONTENTS
CHAPTER10 CONTROLOFDFIGWINDPOWERSYSTEMUNDER
UNBALANCEDGRIDVOLTAGE 259
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 ControlTargets 259
10.3 StatorCurrentControlwithResonantController 260
10.3.1 ControlScheme 260
10.3.2 AnalysisoftheController 260
10.3.3 ExperimentandSimulationResults 263
10.4 DCVoltageFluctuationControlbyGSC 266
10.4.1 ChallengesintheControlofGSC 267
10.4.2 DCCurrentCalculation 270
10.4.3 ControlScheme 271
10.4.4 ControlModel 272
10.4.5 EliminationofThird-OrderHarmonicCurrentIntroducedby
CapacitorCurrentControl 278
10.4.6 ExperimentalResults 284
10.5 Summary 293
References 293
PART IV GRIDFAULTRIDE-THROUGHOFDFIG
CHAPTER11 DYNAMICMODELOFDFIGUNDERGRIDFAULTS 299
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 BehaviorDuringVoltageDips 300
11.2.1 EquivalentCircuitsofDFIGunderVoltageDips 300
11.2.2 WithRotorOpenCircuit 303
11.2.3 WithNormalVectorControl 307
11.2.4 WithRotor-SideCrowbar 309
11.2.5 Non-InstantVoltageDips 313
11.3 DFIGBehaviorDuringVoltageRecovery 315
11.3.1 DuringInstantVoltageRecovery 315
11.3.2 VoltageRecoveryinPowerSystems 315
11.3.3 DuringThree-PhaseFaultRecovery 316
11.3.4 DuringThree-Phase-To-GroundFaultRecovery 319
11.3.5 DuringAsymmetricalFaultRecovery 320
11.4 UnderRecurringGridFaults 320
11.4.1 DuringSymmetricalRecurringFault 321
11.4.2 InfluenceoftheFirstDipLevel 325
11.4.3 InfluenceoftheGridFaultAngle 328
11.4.4 InfluenceoftheDurationsbetweenTwoFaults 330
11.4.5 AsymmetricalRecurringFaults 332
11.4.6 ExperimentsofDFIGunderRecurringGridFaults 335
11.5 Summary 339
References 339