Advanced connection systems for architectural glazing

129 Pages·2015·9.287 MB·English

by  Afghani Khoraskani, Roham

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY  POLIMI SPRINGER BRIEFS
Roham Afghani Khoraskani
Advanced
Connection
Systems for
Architectural
Glazing
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and Technology
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Roham Afghani Khoraskani
Advanced Connection
Systems for Architectural
Glazing
123
Roham AfghaniKhoraskani
Politecnico diMilano
Milan
Italy
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied Sciencesand Technology
ISSN 2282-2577 ISSN 2282-2585 (electronic)
PoliMI SpringerBriefs
ISBN 978-3-319-12996-9 ISBN 978-3-319-12997-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12997-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957475
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Preface
Architectural glazing is a widely popular envelope system that was created in the
earlydaysofwhatwenowrefertoasModernArchitecture.Theadoptionofglazed
systemswasbasicallydrivenbythetransparencyandnaturalilluminationthatthese
systemscanprovide.Thehighlyefficientenergybehaviorofdouble-skinfaçadesis
oneofthemajorreasonsforagrowingincreaseamongarchitectsinapplyingglass
skins over their buildings. The aesthetical features of glass also made this material
particularly attractive for use in the envelopes of grand and highly invested-in
buildings.
Post-earthquake surveys have shown that, although a building designed
accordingtothemostcontemporaryseismicdesigncodeswillprotectthestructure
of the building during an earthquake, these provisions are hardly sufficient for
avoiding damage to the nonstructural elements of the building. Among the non-
structural elements of a building, those found in glazed envelope systems are
among themostvulnerable todamageduringanearthquake.Thisismainly dueto
the high rigidity and stiffness of these systems in the in-plane direction, which
results in attracting forces, combined with their relative fragility and delicacy with
respect to structural members of the building. It has also been observed that the
deflectionsanddisplacementsthatoccurinthestructureofabuildingduringsevere
loadingconditions,suchasearthquakes,arelikelytobethemaincauseofdamage
toaglazedenvelopesystem.Inthisregard,theseismicbehaviorofcommontypes
ofarchitecturalglazingsystemshasbeeninvestigatedinthisresearch,andcausesof
damage to each system have been properly identified. Furthermore, depending on
itsgeometricalandstructuralcharacteristics,theultimatehorizontalloadcapacityof
a curtain wall system has been defined based on stability of the glass components.
Particularattentionhasbeengiventopointfixingcurtainwallsystemswhereglass
panes play a significant role in their structural behavior.
Among different strategies available to minimize the damage to glazed com-
ponents, the main focus has been to investigate the advantages of incorporating
advancedconnectiondevicesbetweenthestructureofthebuildingandthebuilding
envelopesystem. Differenttypes ofconnectiondevicesthatcanbeutilized forthis
purpose are introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of every connection device
v
vi Preface
have been highlighted with regard to both maintaining the integrity of the glazed
envelope system, and at the same time protecting it against damaging forces and
displacements that occur in the event of a seismic action.
Among different advanced connectors introduced in the literature, the friction
damping connections are selected to provide a controllable level of isolation
between the envelope system and the structure of the building. This selection is
based on the simplicity of their mechanisms and their ability to confine the trans-
ferred forces and moments to limited values.
A novel friction connection device that incorporates the friction mechanism
between spherical surfaces is introduced, having the advantage of adaptability in
almost all glazed envelope systems with complex geometries and high aesthetical
demandofitscomposingelements.Andfinally,simplifiedanalyticalapproachesas
well as numerical simulations are presented as a basis for tuning the friction con-
necting devices in glazed systems, which is based on the mechanical strength
of the glass panels, connected with friction connectors and their behavior during
earthquakes.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Architectural Glazing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 From Wall to Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Stick System Curtain Walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Unitized Curtain Walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Panelized Curtain Walling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Spandrel Panel Ribbon Glazing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7 Structural Sealant Glazing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8 Point-Fixed Structural Glazing—Bolted Assembly
and Patched Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Building Envelope and Mechanical Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Building Systems Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Architectural Glass Provisions in Seismic Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Energy Dissipation and Mechanical Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Seismic Behavior of Glass Curtain Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Seismic Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Dry Glazed Systems with Edge Clearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.1 Deformation Due to Rigid Body Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.2 Deformation Due to Pressure on the Glass . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Unitized and Panelized Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.1 Plate Buckling for Glass Panes Subjected to Shear. . . . . . 38
4.4 Point-Fixed Glazing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.4.1 Glass Pane Buckling for Structural Glazing. . . . . . . . . . . 41
vii
viii Contents
4.5 Laminated Glass Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5.1 Determination of $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Advanced Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1 Advanced Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.1 Yield Damping Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1.2 Visco-elastic Shear Based Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1.3 Friction Damping Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.1.4 Non-dissipating Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Friction Damping Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3 Basis and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6 Rotational Friction Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1 Rotational Friction Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 Development of the Idea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3 For Point-Fixed Systems (Friction Moment Rod). . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.4 For Unitized and Panelized Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.5 The Behavior of the Rotational Friction Connector. . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.5.1 Formulations for the Friction Moment Rod
(Point-Fixed Systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.5.2 Formulations for the Rotational Friction Connection
for Unitized Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.6 Friction Lining Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7 Tuning the Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1 Analytical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 Numerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.2.1 Behavior Over One Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.2.2 Dynamic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.3 Group of Connected Panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8 Conclusions and Recommendations on Experimental Tests. . . . . . . 115
8.1 Behavior of the Connection Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.2 Test Mockup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 1
Introduction
Building envelope systems—especially the façade system—over high-rise build-
ings and structures consume approximately over 20 % or more of the total con-
struction budget and are considered to be an economically significant attribute of
thebuilding.Architecturalglassexteriorsystems,usedastheentirebuildingskinor
part of its envelope, are considered to be one of the most influential building
systemscontributingtotheproperfunctionofthebuilding.Withtheexceptionofa
few guidelines in building design codes, there is currently a lack of design
approachesprovidedfordesignersandengineersinappropriateselectionofglazing
details to effectively mitigate earthquake damage.
Theexistingdesignguidelinesforarchitecturalglazingarelimitedtocustomary
glazed systems in terms of geometry and technology. In many cases they limit the
freedom of designers from realizing their desired forms. In order to protect archi-
tectural glazing against seismic actions, the concept of offering mechanical com-
patibilitybetweenthestructureofthebuildinganditsenvelopeisexaminedinthis
study, in contrast with the common practice of offering clearance between the
elements of the envelope system.
We consider that the main cause of damage to glass elements during an earth-
quake is the in-plane deformations within the glazed system, generally caused by
the deflections and displacements in the structure of the building, Fig. 1.1. Using
advanced connection devices, it is possible to avoid these displacements being
transferred to the envelope, while still managing to keep the structure of the
building as its main support system.
Hence,asetofadvancedandenergydissipatingconnectionmechanismsthatcan
be incorporated into building envelope systems are introduced in Chap. 4 and
necessaryadjustmentstomakethemsuitableforarchitecturalglazingsystemshave
beensuggested.Butpriortothat,inordertohaveamorethoroughunderstandingof
the behavior of architectural glazing systems during an earthquake, problems
related to seismic behavior of glass and curtain wall systems are presented and
investigated in Chap. 3 of this monograph.
©TheAuthor(s)2015 1
R.AfghaniKhoraskani,AdvancedConnectionSystemsforArchitecturalGlazing,
PoliMISpringerBriefs,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-12997-6_1