Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres (River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy) PDF
Preview Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres (River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy)
River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy Advanced Concepts for Renewable A Advanced Concepts for Renewable d E v Energy Supply of Data Centres na e n r Energy Supply of Data Centres gc ye d Jaume Salom, Thorsten Urbaneck and Eduard Oró (Editors) Su C po pn lc The rapid increase of cloud computing, high performance computing (HPC) ye Jaume Salom, Thorsten Urbaneck and Eduard Oró (Editors) op and the vast growth in Internet and Social Media use have aroused the ft s interest in energy consumption and the carbon footprint of Data Centres. D f Data Centres primarily contain electronic equipment used for data processing ao tr (servers), data storage (storage equipment), and communications (network a R equipment). Collectively, this equipment processes, stores, and transmits Ce digital information and is known as information technology (IT) equipment. en ne Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres tw r introduces a number of technical solutions for the supply of power and ea sb cooling energy into Data Centres with enhanced utilisation of renewable l e energy sources in order to achieve low energy Data Centres. Because of the high energy density nature of these unique infrastructures, it is essential to implement energy efficiency measures and reduce consumption before introducing any renewable energy source. A holistic approach is used with the objective of integrating many technical solutions such as management of the EJ da IT (Information Technology) load, efficient electrical supply to the IT systems, uu m Low-Ex air-conditioning systems, interaction with district heating and cooling a re d networks, re-use of heat, free cooling (air, seawater, groundwater), optimal S use of heat and cold storage, electrical storage and integration in smart grids. Oa rlo This book is therefore a catalogue of advanced technical concepts that ó m could be integrated into Data Centres portfolio in order to increase the overall (E, efficiency and the share of renewable energies in power and cooling supply. d T ih Based on dynamic energy models implemented in TRNSYS some concepts too are deeply evaluated through yearly simulations. The results of the simulation rs)rste are illustrated with Sankey charts, where the energy flows per year within the n subsystems of each concept for a selected scenario are shown, and graphs U showing the results of parametric analysis. A set of environmental metrics (as r b the non-renewable primary energy) and financial metrics (CAPEX and OPEX) a n as well of energy efficiency metrics like the well-known PUE, are described e c and used to evaluate the different technical concepts. k a n d Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SeriesEditor ERICJOHNSON AtlanticConsulting Switzerland Indexing:AllbookspublishedinthisseriesaresubmittedtoThomsonReutersBook CitationIndex(BkCI),CrossRefandtoGoogleScholar. The “River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy” is a series of comprehensive academicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusontheoryandapplicationsinrenewable energyandsustainableenergysolutions.Theserieswillserveasamulti-disciplinary resource linking renewable energy with society. The book series fulfils the rapidly growing worldwide interest in energy solutions. It covers all fields of renewable energy and their possible applications will be addressed not only from a technical pointofview,butalsofromeconomic,social,political,andfinancialaspect. Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooksandtextbooks.Thebooksprovideprofessionals,researchers,educators, andadvancedstudentsinthefieldwithaninvaluableinsightintothelatestresearch anddevelopments. Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following: • Renewableenergy • EnergySolutions • Energystorage • Sustainability • Greentechnology Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres Editors Jaume Salom IREC–CataloniaInstituteforEnergyResearch Spain Thorsten Urbaneck TechnischeUniversitätChemnitz Germany Eduard Oró IREC–CataloniaInstituteforEnergyResearch Spain Published,soldanddistributedby: RiverPublishers Alsbjergvej10 9260Gistrup Denmark RiverPublishers LangeGeer44 2611PWDelft TheNetherlands Tel.:+45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com ISBN:978-87-93519-42-8(Hardback) 978-87-93519-41-1(Ebook) ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017.Thisbookispublished openaccess. OpenAccess This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non- Commercial 4.0 International License, CC-BY-NC 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsuse,duplication,adaptation,distributionandreproduction inanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes made are indicated.The images or other third party material in this book are included inthework’sCreativeCommonslicense,unlessindicatedotherwiseinthecreditline;if suchmaterialisnotincludedinthework’sCreativeCommonslicenseandtherespective actionisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulation,userswillneedtoobtainpermissionfrom thelicenseholdertoduplicate,adapt,orreproducethematerial. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks, etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,that suchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandtherefore freeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication. Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied, withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhave beenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper. Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii ListofContributors xv ListofFigures xvii ListofTables xxix ListofSymbolsandAbbreviations xxxiii 1 DataCentreOverview 1 EduardOróandJaumeSalom 1.1 DataCentreInfrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 MainSubsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 ITEquipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 PowerSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.3 CoolingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 DataCentreArchetypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.1 FunctionorObjectiveoftheDataCentre . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.3 LocationandSurroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.4 ArchetypesDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 WorkloadTypology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 WebWorkloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.2 HPCWorkloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.3 DataWorkloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.4 ConsumptionversusWorkloadTypology . . . . . . 15 v vi Contents 1.5 RedundancyLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5.1 BasicDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5.2 TierLevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6 FutureTrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 OperationalRequirement 27 EduardOró,VictorDepoorterandJaumeSalom 2.1 WorkingTemperatureLimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.1 ImpactofServerInletTemperature . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.2 PermittedTemperaturesofIndividual Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.1.3 CPUPowerManagementandThrottling . . . . . . . 29 2.2 EnvironmentalConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2.1 TemperatureandHumidityRequirements . . . . . . 30 2.2.2 QualityoftheRoomAir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3 PowerQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3.1 InputVoltagewithinAcceptableLimits . . . . . . . 33 2.3.2 InputFrequencywithinAllowableRanges . . . . . . 34 2.3.3 SufficientInputPowertoCompensate forPowerFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.4 TransfertoBackupPowerFasterthanPSU “Hold-up”Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.5 ProtectionfromDamagingPowerConditions . . . . 37 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 EnvironmentalandEconomicMetricsforDataCentres 41 JaumeSalomandAlbertGarcia 3.1 AboutMetricsinDataCentres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2 DataCentreBoundariesforMetricsCalculation . . . . . . . 44 3.2.1 DefinitionofBoundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2.2 EnergyFlows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3 MetricsforCost-EnvironmentalAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3.1 EnvironmentalImpactMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3.1.1 DataCentreprimaryenergy . . . . . . . . 47 3.3.1.2 DataCentreCO2 emissions . . . . . . . . 50 3.3.1.3 DataCentrewaterconsumption . . . . . . 50 3.3.2 FinancialMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3.2.1 Methodologicalreferenceframework . . . 50 Contents vii 3.3.2.2 Globalcost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3.2.3 CAPEX:capitalexpenditure . . . . . . . 52 3.3.2.4 OPEX:operatingexpenditure . . . . . . . 52 3.3.3 Cost-EfficiencyAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4 EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyMetrics . . . . . . 54 3.4.1 PowerUsageEffectiveness(PUE) . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.4.2 RenewableEnergyRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.4.3 RenewableEnergyFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5 CapacityMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.2 CapacityMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.6 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.6.1 Example1.PVSystemandIceStorage . . . . . . . 61 3.6.2 Example2.DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . 66 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficientElectrical DistributionandITManagement 77 EduardOró,MauroCanutoandAlbertGarcia 4.1 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficient ITManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.2 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficient ElectricPowerDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.2 ModularUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.2.3 BypassedUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.2.4 EnhancedUPSforElectricalEnergyStorage . . . . 94 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforLow-ExergyClimate andCoolingDistribution 103 NirendraLalShrestha,ThomasOppelt,VerenaRudolf andThorstenUrbaneck 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.2 FreeCooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.2.1 FreeCoolingwithDirectAmbientAir . . . . . . . . 106 5.2.2 FreeCoolingwithIndirectAmbientAir . . . . . . . 110 5.2.3 SeawaterAirConditioningSystem . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.2.4 FreeCoolingwithGroundwater . . . . . . . . . . . 117 viii Contents 5.3 IncreasingAllowableITTemperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.3.1 IncreasedWhiteSpaceTemperaturewithAirside Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.3.2 IncreasedWhiteSpaceTemperaturewithChilled WaterCooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3.3 IncreasingtheDeltaTThroughtheIT Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.4 HotorColdAisleContainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.5 VariableAirflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.5.1 StrategyA:PressureDifference . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.5.2 StrategyB:ActualITload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.5.3 StrategyC:ReturnAirTemperature . . . . . . . . . 129 5.6 PartialLoad–RedundantorOversizedComponents. . . . . 131 5.6.1 RedundantComponentsandOversizing Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.6.2 PartialLoadwithChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.6.3 VariableFlowwithFansandPumps . . . . . . . . . 132 5.6.4 OversizingDryCoolersandCooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.6.5 EnergySavingsandPaybackPeriods . . . . . . . . 134 5.7 HighEnergyEfficiencyComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.7.1 FansandPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.7.2 Air-CooledChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.7.3 Water-CooledChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforPowerandCoolingSupply withRenewables 139 VerenaRudolf,NirendraLalShrestha,NoahPflugradt,EduardOró, ThorstenUrbaneckandJaumeSalom 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.1.1 ConceptsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.1.1.1 Sankeychartsanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.2 DescriptionoftheProposedAdvancedTechnical Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.2.1 PhotovoltaicSystemandWindTurbines withVapour-CompressionChiller andLead-AcidBatteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Contents ix 6.2.2 DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.2.3 Grid-FedWetCoolingTowerWithoutChiller . . . . 152 6.2.4 Grid-FedVapour-CompressionChillerwith ElectricalEnergyandChilledWaterStorages . . . . 157 6.2.5 BiogasFuelCellwithAbsorptionChiller . . . . . . 162 6.2.6 ReciprocatingEngineCHPwithAbsorption Chiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7 ApplyingAdvancedTechnicalConceptstoSelectedScenarios 177 VerenaRudolf,NirendraLalShrestha,EduardOró, ThorstenUrbaneckandJaumeSalom 7.1 OverviewofConceptPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.2 ConceptComparisonforSelectedScenarios . . . . . . . . . 183 7.2.1 DescriptionofScenariosAnalysed . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.3 DetailedAnalysisbyAdvancedTechnicalConcept . . . . . 190 7.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.3.2 Concept1.PhotovoltaicSystemandWindTurbines withVapour-CompressionChiller . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.3.2.1 Influenceofenergyefficiency measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.3.2.2 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.3.2.3 On-Siterenewableenergysystems implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 7.3.3 Concept2.DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . . 198 7.3.3.1 Influenceofenergyefficiency measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.3.3.2 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 7.3.3.3 Influenceoftheliquidcoolingsolution andthepotentialheatreuse . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.4 Concept3.Grid-FedWetCoolingTower withoutChiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 7.3.4.1 Influenceofenergyefficiencymeasures . . 204 7.3.4.2 InfluenceofEEmeasures . . . . . . . . . 208 7.3.4.3 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 7.3.4.4 On-sitePVsystemsimplementation. . . . 209 7.3.5 Concept4.Grid-FedVapour-CompressionChiller withElectricalEnergyandChilledWaterStorages . . 210 7.3.5.1 InfluenceofEEmeasures . . . . . . . . . 210
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