Advanced Ceramic Materials

431 Pages·2016·21.158 MB·English

by  Gerhardt, Rosario A., Szutkowska, Magdalena, Tiwari, Ashutosh

Advanced Ceramic Materials
Scrivener Publishing
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Advanced Materials Series
The Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating
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structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties,
and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental
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Series Editor: Ashutosh Tiwari
Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre
Linköping University
SE-581 83 Linköping
Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
Managing Editors: Sachin Mishra and Sophie Thompson
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Advanced Ceramic Materials
Edited by
Ashutosh Tiwari,
Rosario A. Gerhardt and
Magdalena Szutkowska
Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-119-24244-4
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
Part 1 Design, Processing, and Properties
1 Development of Epitaxial Oxide Ceramics Nanomaterials
Based on Chemical Strategies on Semiconductor Platforms 3
A. Carretero-Genevrier, R. Bachelet, G. Saint-Girons,
R. Moalla, J. M. Vila-Fungueiriño, B. Rivas-Murias,
F. Rivadulla, J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, A. Gomez,
J. Gazquez, M. Gich and N. Mestres
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Integration of Epitaxial Functional Oxides
Nanomaterials on Silicon Entirely Performed
by Chemical Solution Strategies 8
1.2.1 Integration of Piezoelectric Quartz Thin
Films on Silicon by Soft Chemistry 10
1.2.2 Controllable Textures of Epitaxial
Quartz Thin Films 13
1.2.3 Integration of Functional Oxides by
Quartz Templating 17
1.2.4 Highly Textured ZnO Thin Films 21
1.3 Integration of Functional Oxides by Combining
Soft Chemistry and Physical Techniques 22
1.4 Conclusions 23
Acknowledgments 26
References 26
v
vi Contents
2 Biphasic, Triphasic, and Multiphasic Calcium Orthophosphates 33
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 General Definitions and Knowledge 38
2.3 Various Types of Biphasic, Triphasic,
and Multiphasic CaPO 40
4
2.4 Stability 42
2.5 Preparation 44
2.6 Properties 51
2.7 Biomedical Applications 53
2.8 Conclusions 59
References 60
3 An Energy Efficient Processing Route for Advance Ceramic
Composites Using Microwaves 97
Satnam Singh, Dheeraj Gupta and Vivek Jain
3.1 Introduction 98
3.2 Historical Developments in Materials Processing by
Microwaves 99
3.3 Introduction to Microwave Heating Process 101
3.3.1 Microwave–materials Interaction Theory 102
3.3.2 Microwave Heating Mechanisms 104
3.4 Heating Methods by Microwaves 107
3.4.1 Direct Microwave Heating 107
3.4.2 Microwave Hybrid Heating 108
3.4.3 Selective Heating 109
3.4.4 Microwave-assisted Processing of Materials 109
3.5 Advantages/Limitations of Microwave
Material Processing 110
3.5.1 Highly Energy Efficient Processing Method 110
3.5.2 Better Quality of Processed Materials 113
3.5.3 Cleaner Energy Processing 114
3.5.4 Compact Processing Unit 114
3.5.5 Restriction in Processing of All Varieties
of Materials 115
3.5.6 Restrictions in Processing of Complex Shapes 115
3.5.7 Non-uniformity in Heating 115
3.5.8 Human Safety Issues 115
Contents vii
3.6 Application of Microwave Heating in
Composite Processing 116
3.6.1 Recent Review of Work Carried Out in
MMC/CMC/Alloys/Ceramic Processing
by Microwaves 119
3.6.2 Microwave Melting/Casting of Metals/
Metal Matrix Composites 127
3.7 Future Prospectives 130
3.8 Conclusion 133
References 133
Part 2 Ceramic Composites: Fundamental and Frontiers
4 Continuous Fiber-reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites 147
Rebecca Gottlieb, Shannon Poges, Chris Monteleone
and Steven L. Suib
4.1 Introduction 148
4.2 Parts of a CMC 149
4.2.1 Fibers 150
4.2.2 Interphase 151
4.2.3 Matrix 152
4.3 Modern Uses of CMCs 154
4.4 History 155
4.5 Ceramic Fibers 158
4.5.1 Oxide Fibers 158
4.5.1.1 Alumina Fibers 159
4.5.1.2 Stabilized Alumina Fibers 160
4.5.1.3 Alumina Silicate Fibers 160
4.5.1.4 Other Oxide Fibers 164
4.5.2 Non-oxide Fibers (SiC) 164
4.5.2.1 Oxidation 164
4.5.2.2 Irradiation 165
4.5.2.3 Sintering 165
4.5.3 Carbon Fibers 166
4.5.3.1 Polyacrylonitrile 167
4.5.3.2 Pitch 167
4.6 Interface/Interphase 168
4.6.1 Requirements 169
4.6.2 Non-oxide 170
4.6.3 Oxide 171
viii Contents
4.7 Matrix Materials 172
4.7.1 Carbon 172
4.7.2 Silicon Carbide 175
4.7.3 Oxides 178
4.8 Matrix Fabrication Techniques 179
4.8.1 Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis 180
4.8.2 Chemical Vapor Infiltration 181
4.8.3 Melt Infiltration 183
4.8.4 Slurry Infiltration 184
4.8.5 Metal Oxidation 185
4.9 Toughness of CMCs 185
4.9.1 Fiber/Matrix Interface 186
4.9.2 Modes of Failure 186
4.9.3 Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms 187
4.9.4 Stress Testing of Composites 188
4.10 Applications 188
4.10.1 Brakes and Friction 190
4.10.2 Biomedical Applications 191
Acknowledgments 193
References 193
5 Yytria- and Magnesia-doped Alumina Ceramic
Reinforced with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes 201
Iftikhar Ahmad and Yanqiu Zhu
5.1 Introduction 202
5.2 Dispersions and Stability of MWCNTs 202
5.3 Influence of Yytria (Y O ) Doping on MWCNT/Al O
2 3 2 3
Nanocomposites 205
5.3.1 Densification and Microstructure Development 205
5.3.2 Mechanical Performance and
Toughening Mechanism 210
5.4 Magnesia (MgO)-Tuned MWCNT/Al O
2 3
Nanocomposites 215
5.4.1 Role of MgO on the Densification and
Microstructural Features 215
5.4.2 Effect of MgO on the Grain Size and
Fracture Behavior 217
5.4.3 Mechanical Response of MgO-Doped
MWCNT/Al O Nanocomposite 221
2 3
Contents ix
5.5 Conclusions 225
Acknowledgments 226
References 227
6 Oxidation-induced Crack Healing in MAX Phase
Containing Ceramic Composites 231
Guoping Bei and Peter Greil
6.1 History of Crack Healing in Ceramics 232
6.2 High-temperature Crack Healing in MAX Phases 233
6.2.1 MAX Phases 233
6.2.2 Crack Healing in Al-contained MAX Phases 234
6.2.2.1 Ti AlC 234
3 2
6.2.2.2 Ti AlC 235
2
6.2.2.3 Cr AlC 238
2
6.3 Lower-temperature Crack Healing in MAX
Phase-based Ceramics 241
6.3.1 Oxidation Behavior of Ti Al Sn C MAX
2 (1–x) x
Phase Solid-solution Powders 241
6.3.2 Oxidation-induced Crack Healing in
Thermal-shocked Ti SnC MAX Phase 244
2
6.3.3 Crack Healing in Ti Al Sn C–Al O
2 0.5 0.5 2 3
Composites 249
6.4 Conclusions 255
Acknowledgments 256
References 256
7 SWCNTs versus MWCNTs as Reinforcement Agents
in Zirconia- and Alumina-based Nanocomposites:
Which One to Use 261
M.H. Bocanegra-Bernal, C. Dominguez-Rios,
A. Garcia-Reyes, A. Aguilar-Elguezabal and J. Echeberria
7.1 Introduction 262
7.2 Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes 266
7.3 Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes 269
7.4 The Effects of CNTs Types on the Mechanical
Properties of Al O - and ZrO -based Ceramics 274
2 3 2
7.5 Why SWCNTs? or Why MWCNTs? 285
7.6 Conclusions 287
Acknowledgments 289
References 289
x Contents
Part 3 Functional and Applied Ceramics
8 Application of Organic and Inorganic Wastes in
Clay Brick Production: A Chemometric Approach 301
Milica V. Vasić, Zagorka Radojević, and Lato Pezo
8.1 Introduction 302
8.2 Materials and Methods 305
8.2.1 Raw Materials and Laboratory Brick Samples 305
8.2.2 Macro Oxides Content of the Used Raw Materials 306
8.2.3 Response Surface Method 307
8.2.4 Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Algorithm 308
8.2.5 Artificial Neural Network modeling 309
8.3 Results and Discussion 312
8.3.1 Characteristics of Raw Materials 312
8.3.2 Changes Observed in Shaping and
Drying in the Air 314
8.3.3 Characteristics of Fired Products 318
8.3.4 RSM and ANOVA Analysis 321
8.3.5 Neurons in the ANN Hidden Layer 323
8.3.6 Simulation of the ANNs 325
8.3.7 Principal Component Analysis 328
8.3.8 Optimization 330
8.4 Conclusions 331
Acknowledgments 332
References 332
9 Functional Tantalum-based Oxides: From the Structure
to the Applications 337
Sebastian Zlotnik, Alexander Tkach and Paula M. Vilarinho
9.1 Functional Materials: Current Needs 338
9.2 Importance of Tantalum and Tantalum-based Oxides 342
9.3 Properties of Alkali Tantalates 343
9.3.1 Crystal and Electronic Structures 343
9.3.2 Thermochemistry 347
9.4 Processing of Alkali Tantalate Ceramics for Electronic
Applications 351
9.5 Potential Applications of Alkali Tantalates 358
9.5.1 Sodium Tantalate as a Photocatalyst 358
9.5.2 Lithium Tantalate as a Piezoelectric Biomaterial 366