Advanced Bioactive Compounds Countering the Effects of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Agents: Strategies to Counter Biological Damage

291 Pages·2013·5.253 MB·English

by  M. A. Christine Pratt (auth.), Grant N. Pierce, Volodymyr I. Mizin, Alexander Omelchenko (eds.)

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - A:
Chemistry and Biology
Advanced Bioactive
Compounds Countering
the Effects of Radiological,
Chemical and Biological Agents
Strategies to Counter Biological Damage
Edited by
Grant N. Pierce
Volodymyr I. Mizin
Alexander Omelchenko
AB 3
Advanced Bioactive Compounds Countering
the Effects of Radiological, Chemical
and Biological Agents
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
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Series A: Chemistry and Biology
Advanced Bioactive Compounds
Countering the Effects
of Radiological, Chemical
and Biological Agents
Strategies to Counter Biological Damage
edited by
Grant N. Pierce
St. Boniface Hospital and Department of Physiology
Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Volodymyr I. Mizin
Division of Health and Rehabilitation
Crimean Humanitarian University, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine
and
Alexander Omelchenko
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Advanced Bioactive Compounds Countering the Effects of Radiological,
Chemical and Biological Agents
Crimea, Ukraine
May 15-17, 2012
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013937522
ISBN 978-94-007-6532-0 (PB)
ISBN 978-94-007-6512-2 (HB)
ISBN 978-94-007-6513-9 (e-book)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6513-9
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
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Preface
In the modern era, the probability for humans to be exposed to radiological, chemical
and adverse biological agents has increased exponentially creating a very real risk
for injuries and deaths. There are a great number of examples of these dangers that
we face, most of the time without any foreknowledge or preparation for the
challenge to our health. The stockpiling of enormous amounts of weaponry during
the Cold War without proper disposal or destruction in subsequent years has led to
the potential for these agents to get into the hands of rogue regimes or terrorists. An
increase in the number of contacts between people due to the growth and massive
migration of populations, and the availability of more frequent and faster travel
escalates the risk of contraction and transmission of potentially deadly infectious
diseases. The increase in environmental pollutants through industrial emissions,
municipal waste disposal, dissemination of persistent and highly carcinogenic
explosives in the war zones, excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, genetically
modifi ed organisms, etc. has been associated with an increased incidence of cardio-
vascular diseases (CVD), respiratory problems and cancer. Other natural and man-
made ecological catastrophes, exemplifi ed by the accidents at the Chernobyl and
Fukushima stations, have brought humans in close contact with extremely dangerous
radiological, chemical and biological challenges. People have undergone frequent
medical treatments (electrocardiography, exercise treadmill testing, electron-beam
computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiation therapy and
chemo therapy) and become extremely susceptible to the adverse effects of radio-
logical, chemical and biological agents. Military personnel, fi refi ghters, pilots, and
medical staff are more frequently exposed to radiological, chemical, and biological
agents through their normal working environment. Additionally, military personnel
are often experiencing enormous psychological stress, hyper- and hypo- thermal
conditions and oxygen deprivation, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
Understanding the mechanisms, whereby radiological, chemical and biological
agents infl ict damage to our bodies, is essential if we are to prepare ourselves for
these challenges. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical preparations which could be
prophylactically taken to reduce the effect of radiological, chemical and biological
v
vi Preface
agents. Additionally, there are no established protocols for alleviation of the adverse
health effects of long-term exposure to radiological or chemical agents.
A majority of the adverse health effects induced by radiological, chemical and
biological agents are caused by an increase in the production of highly reactive
oxygen and nitrogen species. These strong oxidants display high reactivity with
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in the body. Ultimately, these processes all play a
role in the emergence of chronic diseases like neurodegeneration, heart and respi-
ratory disease, diabetes and cancer.
There is evidence that certain natural bioactive compounds can neutralize free
radicals and non-radical oxidants manifesting benefi cial health effects. For example,
phenolic compounds, found in cereals, legumes, nuts, olive oil, vegetables, fruits, tea
and red wine, have antioxidant and anti-infl ammatory properties and demonstrate
favorable effects on thrombosis, tumorogenesis, CVD, prostate and other cancer.
Phytoestrogens, which are present in soy, fl axseed and other whole grains, fruits and
vegetables, show benefi cial effects on a variety of CVD risk factors and cancer.
Anti-carcinogenic and cardioprotective effects have been demonstrated by organo-
sulfur compounds from garlic and onions, isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables
and monoterpenes in citrus fruits and herbs. Other bioactive compounds include
saponins in legumes, terpenoids from citrus, glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables,
lignans present in fl axseed, barley, soy, berries, and other fruit/vegetables and
tannins found in various plants, berries, coffee, tea, chocolate and wine. Bioactive
compounds from natural sources demonstrate low toxicity, complete biodegrad-
ability, availability from renewable sources, fewer side effects and a relatively low
cost. They can be taken regularly as an everyday component of the diet. This makes
them an attractive alternative to conventional drugs.
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Advanced Bioactive Compounds
Countering the Effects of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Agents” held
in Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine, on May 16–19, 2012, brought together scientists and
professionals from research institutes and industry to discuss the science behind the
health benefi ts of bioactive compounds and develop the best practice tools for their
science-based implementation. The organization of the ARW in Ukraine created an
exciting opportunity for the participants from many different countries to exchange
ideas on counteracting the adverse effects of hazardous agents. Using basic and
clinical research, the participants discussed new ideas for the development of
bioactive dietary products with great therapeutic potential.
The Workshop was divided into four sessions: (1) Tissue Damage due to
Radiological Agents, (2) Preventing the Harmful Health Effects of Biological
Agents, (3) Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources for the Prophylaxis and
Treatment of the Effects of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Agents and
(4) Biotechnological and Therapeutical Aspects of Defense against Radiological,
Chemical and Biological Agents. A round table on the topic “Best Practice
in Conducting Clinical Trials to Identify Therapeutic Effi cacy of the Bioactive
Compounds” was conducted during the conference.
All of the above subjects are covered in this book. It is expected that this compi-
lation of papers will be helpful to an international community of scientists, medical
Preface vii
professionals, experts and students dealing with countering the effects of radiological,
chemical and biological agents. The conference also has had a long-lasting benefi -
cial effect, as it resulted in the establishment of a network of collaborative links and
personal friendships between the participants. Many exciting events involving the
participants of the Workshop have resulted from the meeting including the creation
of the Canadian-Italian Tissue Engineering Laboratory (CITEL), the I nternational
Symposium on Adipobiology and Adipopharmacology in Burgas , Bulgaria, on
October 25–27, 2012, and strengthening collaborative links between St. Boniface
Hospital Research Centre and Ukrainian specialists directed towards practical
implementation of novel antioxidative dietary products.
The Workshop would not have been successful without the remarkable hospitality
and assistance from the personnel of the Hotel Bristol, Yalta, Ukraine. The substantial
sponsorship from Dr. Yuriy Ogay, Private Enterprise Ressfood, is greatly appreciated.
We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Deniz Beten, Programme
Director, NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme, and her administrative
assistant Ms. Alison Trapp for their constant interest, guidance and patience as
we prepared this textbook.
S incerely,
Grant N. Pierce, Volodymyr I. Mizin and Alexander Omelchenko
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine
The Editors

Contents
Part I Tissue Damage due to Radiological Agents
1 Targeting NF-κB to Prevent Radiation-Induced
Carcinogenesis ......................................................................................... 3
M.A. Christine Pratt
2 Antioxidants as a Bio-shield Against Radiological Weapons .............. 11
Kedar N. Prasad
3 Sensing Mechanisms of the Low-Power Infrared Radiation .............. 29
Irina Katina, Igor Yachnev, Vera Plakhova, Tatyana Shelykh,
Ilya Rogachevsky, Svetlana Podzorova, and Boris V. Krylov
4 Correction of the Cancer Therapy-Induced Anemia
by the Grape Polyphenol Concentrate Enoant..................................... 43
Galina Solyanik, Volodymyr I. Mizin, Olga Pyaskovskaya,
Natalia Banakchevich, and Yuriy A. Ogay
5 Radioprotective Properties of Selenomethionine
with Methionine, Extracts from Basidium
Fungi and Exogenous DNA .................................................................... 55
Alexander D. Naumov, Natalia I. Timokhina, Alexandra V. Litvinchuk,
Gennadii G. Vereshchako, Alina M. Khodosovskaya,
Svetlana N. Sushko, and Elena M. Kadukova
Part II Preventing the Harmful Health Effects of Biological Agents
6 Homocysteine, Neurotoxicity and Hyperexcitability ........................... 73
Olivera Stanojlović, Dragan Hrnčić, Aleksandra Rašić-Marković,
Veselinka Šušić, and Dragan Djuric
ix