Advanced bifunctional electrochemical catalysts for metal-air batteries

243 Pages·2019·21.857 MB·English

by  Wang, Yan-Jie

Advanced Bifunctional
Electrochemical Catalysts
for Metal-Air Batteries
Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Series Editor: Jiujun Zhang
National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Advanced Bifunctional
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Jiujun Zhang
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wang, Yan-Jie, author.
Title: Advanced bifunctional electrochemical catalysts for metal-air batteries /
Yan-Jie Wang, Rusheng Yuan, Anna Ignaszak, David P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division
of T&F Informa, plc, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018031748| ISBN 9780815346326 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781351170727 (ebook).
Subjects: LCSH: Catalysts. | Electrocatalysis. | Electric batteries--Materials.
Classification: LCC TP159.C3 W36 2018 | DDC 660/.2995--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018031748
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Authors ......................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Description of Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air
Batteries ................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Current status of Bifunctional Catalysts in Metal-Air
Batteries .....................................................................................3
1.3 Exploration and Development of Advanced Bifunctional
Catalysts ....................................................................................4
1.4 Chapter Summary .....................................................................5
References ............................................................................................5
Chapter 2 Reaction Mechanisms of Bifunctional Composite
Electrocatalysts of Metal-Air Batteries ..............................................11
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................11
2.1.1 Mechanisms in Aqueous Electrolyte-Based
MABs .........................................................................11
2.1.2 Mechanisms in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes-Based
MABs .........................................................................15
2.1.3 Mechanisms in Hybrid Electrolytes-Based
MABs .........................................................................18
2.1.4 Mechanisms in Solid-State MABs .............................19
2.2 Design Principles of Bifunctional Composite Catalysts
for MABs .................................................................................20
2.3 Synergistic Effect and its Characterization for Major
Components of MABs .............................................................22
2.4 Chapter Summary ...................................................................25
References ..........................................................................................25
Chapter 3 Carbon-Based Bifunctional Composite Electrocatalysts for
Metal-Air Batteries ............................................................................33
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................33
3.1.1 Single Carbon Catalyst Materials for MABs .............33
3.1.2 Composites of Different Carbons for MABs .............36
3.2 Composite Catalysts of Carbon and Nonmetal for MABs ......39
3.2.1 Composites of Carbon and Single Element ................39
3.2.1.1 N-Doped Carbons .......................................39
3.2.1.2 Other Heteroatom-Doped Carbons .............48
3.2.2 Composites of Carbon and Dual Elements ................52
v
vi Contents
3.3 Composites of Carbon and Metal ............................................61
3.3.1 Composites of Carbon and Noble Metal or Noble
Metal-Alloy ................................................................61
3.3.1.1 Composites of Carbon and Pt or Pt-Alloy ....61
3.3.1.2 Composites of Carbon and Other Noble
Metal or Alloy ............................................65
3.3.2 Composites of Carbon and Non-Noble Metal ............69
3.4 Composites of Carbon and Oxides ..........................................74
3.4.1 Composites of Carbon and Perovskite Oxide.............75
3.4.2 Composites of Carbon and Spinel Oxide ...................79
3.4.3 Composites of Carbon and Other Oxides ..................82
3.5 Composites of Carbon and Nitrides ........................................85
3.6 Composites of Carbon and Carbides .......................................88
3.7 Other Carbon-Based Composites ............................................91
3.7.1 Other Carbon-Based Binary Composites ...................91
3.7.2 Other Carbon-Based Ternary Composites .................94
3.8 Chapter Summary ...................................................................96
References ..........................................................................................96
Chapter 4 Doped-Carbon Composited Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for
Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries ....................................................113
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................113
4.1.1 Composites of Doped-Carbon with Carbon .............113
4.2 Composites of Doped-Carbon with Oxides ..........................119
4.2.1 Composites of Single Element-Doped Carbon
with Oxides ..............................................................119
4.2.1.1 Composites of Single Element-Doped
Carbon and Perovskite Oxides .................119
4.2.1.2 Composites of Single Element-Doped
Carbon with Spinel Oxides .......................124
4.2.1.3 Composites of Single Element-Doped
Carbon with Other Oxides ........................130
4.2.2 Composites of Dual Elements Co-Doped Carbon
with Oxides ..............................................................131
4.3 Composites of Doped-Carbon with Metals ...........................134
4.3.1 Composites of Single Element-Doped Carbon
and Metal(s) ..............................................................134
4.3.2 Composites of Dual Elements Co-Doped Carbon
and Metals ................................................................140
4.4 Composites of Doped Carbon and Nitrides ...........................142
4.5 Other Doped Carbon-Based Composites ..............................143
4.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................145
References ........................................................................................147
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Noncarbon-Based Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for
Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries ....................................................157
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................157
5.1.1 Composites of Different Metals ...............................157
5.2 Composites of Oxide and Metal ............................................161
5.2.1 Metal Oxides ............................................................161
5.2.2 Composites of Perovskite Oxide and Metal .............164
5.2.3 Composites of Spinel Oxide and Metal ....................166
5.2.4 Composites of Other Oxide and Metal.....................169
5.3 Other Noncarbon-Based Composites ....................................172
5.4 Chapter Summary .................................................................176
References ........................................................................................176
Chapter 6 Performance Comparison and Optimization of Bifunctional
Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries ....................183
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................183
6.2 Requirements for Bifunctional Electrocatalysts in
RMAB Application ...............................................................184
6.3 Comparison of Battery Performance and Bifunctionality .......185
6.4 Optimization of Electrocatalysts in Rechargeable
Metal-Air Batteries ................................................................201
6.5 Challenges and Possible Research Directions
for Developing Bifunctional Electrocatalysts of
Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries .........................................202
6.5.1 Challenges ................................................................202
6.5.2 Future Research Directions ......................................206
6.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................207
References ........................................................................................208
Index ......................................................................................................................219

Preface
Rechargeable metal-air batteries (RMABs), a type of electrochemical technology
for energy storage and conversion, have attracted great interest due to their highly
specific energy, low cost, and safety. The development of RMABs has been limited
considerably by its relatively low rate capability and lack of efficient and robust
air catalysts with long-term stability. The main challenges stem from the sluggish
kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction
(OER), as well as the corrosion/oxidation of carbon materials in the presence of
oxygen and at high electrode potentials. To improve the performance of RMABs, the
electrocatalysts must be active for both ORR and OER during discharge and recharge.
Therefore, the effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions in RMABs need to be
“bifunctional.” The current developed electrocatalysts are mainly based on composite
materials due to the synergistic effect between their major components. The progress
made on the development of advanced bi-functional composite electrocatalysts for
RMABs is comprehensively reviewed in this book.
The goal of this book is to provide the reader with an appreciation for what bifunctional
composite electrocatalysts are capable of, how this field has grown in the past decades,
and, in particular, how bifunctional composite electrocatalysts can significantly improve
the performance of RMABs. An initial chapter provides the introduction of the current
state of bifunctional composite electrocatalysts in RMABs, along with the working
mechanisms, design principles, and the synergistic effects between the major components
of bifunctional composite electrocatalysts. The following chapters will discuss three
types of composite catalysts: carbon-based composite electrocatalysts, doped carbon-
based composite electrocatalysts, and noncarbon-based electrocatalysts. The validation
of bifunctional composite electrocatalysts in RMABs is also reviewed. Each chapter also
provides some suggestions about future research directions for overcoming technical
challenges to facilitate further research and development in this area.
We hope this book can be helpful to those readers who are working in electrochemical
energy storage areas, including both fundamental research and practical applications. We
welcome any constructive comments for further improvement on the quality of this book.
Dr. Yan-Jie Wang
Dongguan University of Technology, Guangdong, China
Dr. Rusheng Yuan
Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
Dr. Anna Ignaszak
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
Dr. David P. Wilkinson
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Dr. Jiujun Zhang
Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
ix