Table Of Content

fi Advanced Arti cial Intelligence and Robo-Justice Georgios I. Zekos fi Advanced Arti cial Intelligence and Robo-Justice GeorgiosI.Zekos InternationalHellenicUniversity Serres,Greece ISBN978-3-030-98205-8 ISBN978-3-030-98206-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98206-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my lovely wife ΣΟΦIΑ ΠΡΟΔΡΟMΟΥ ΓΡΗΓΟΡIΑΔΟΥ & to my son IΩΑΝΝΗΣ-MΑΡIΝΟΣ ΖΕKΟΣ Preface Artificial intelligence has become a new engine for economic growth. Artificial intelligence systems will be able to solve problems whose scale and complexity arebeyondhumancapabilities.Theadvanceddevelopmentofartificialintelligence opens up new perspectives also to the judiciary. The struggle of deciding when machinesdeliverareliableanswerisstillakeyfrontierforthecorrectapplicationof AI systems. ODR increases access to justice. Moreover, ODR is a digital space wherepartiesworkoutaresolutiontotheirdispute. The technical and economic benefits of AI are counterbalanced by legal, social and ethical issues. AI employed by people will not alter the conventional legal developments but an AAI will bring forward a codified and mathematical way of applyingandaugmentinglaw.Presently,thereexistsscepticismconcerninganidea ofassistinganarbitratorwithAI,andevenmorebysubstitutingahumanarbitrator andjudgewithAI.AAIwillvastlysurpassthecognitiveabilitiesofhumans.Inthe first place, AI will become an assistant to arbitrators and judges and in the second stageAAIwillreplacehumanarbitratorsandjudgestransformingthewholelitiga- tionandarbitrationintoanelectronicautomatedprocessleadingtoe-judgementsand e-awards issued by robo-courts and enforced by electronic means of AAI technology.Induetime,thesingularityoflawwillbeimposedbeingimplementedbyAAI systemsandAAIentities. Serres,Greece GeorgiosI.Zekos 01December2021 vii Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PartI PresentRegulationofCourtsandArbitrationand TheirParadox 2 TheLegalBasisofCourtsandArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1 TheEmergenceofArbitrationasaDisputeMechanism. . . . . . . 17 2.2 TheLegalBasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3 JusticeandArbitration. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 33 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Constitution,CourtsandArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2 Constitutions’BackgroundandArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4 JudgesandArbitratorsasLawMakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 JudgesandArbitrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3 StareDecisisandLawMaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4 CourtsofAppealandArbitralAppealMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . 78 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5 Courts’EngagementinArbitrationUnderUS,English, BelgianandGreekLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 89 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2 ArbitrabilityinUS,English,BelgianandGreekLaw. . . . . . . . . 94 5.3 TheArbitrationAgreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.4 InitiatingtheArbitrationandStayofProceedings. . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.5 Jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.6 ApplicableLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 ix x Contents 5.7 Arbitrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.8 TheArbitrationProcedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.9 AwardandReviewofAwardsbyCourts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.10 RecognitionandEnforcementofAwards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5.11 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 6 AAINationalAuthorityManagementArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 6.1 ArbitrationCo-EqualtoCourts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 6.2 TransformingNationalAuthorityManagementArbitration (NAMA)&E-NAMAintoAAINAMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 PartII CourtsandArbitrationintheArtificialIntelligence andAdvancedAIEra 7 FromAITowardsAdvancedAI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.1 AIDevelopments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.2 AIandGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.3 BlockchainAdvancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.4 AILawDevelopments. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 215 7.5 LegalPersonalityofAI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 7.6 AlgorithmicRisk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.7 AIandCorporateLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 7.8 AIandIPRs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.9 AIasanExpertinSolvingDisputes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7.10 AIandCrime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.11 CurrentAIApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 8 FromADRtoODR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 8.1 LegalBackgroundofCourtsVersusArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . 261 8.2 ArbitratorsandArbitralProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.3 JudgesandArbitrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 8.4 ADRDevelopment&theRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 8.5 ODRSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 9 CourtsandArbitrationAdvancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 9.1 DevelopmentsontheJudicialPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 9.2 FromODRtoAISystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 9.3 OnlineArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 9.4 ArbitralCourtsVersusNAMAArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 9.5 Cyber-Courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 9.6 SmartContractsandArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Contents xi 10 AIinArbitrationandCourts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 10.1 JusticeinGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 10.2 LitigationandArbitrationDevelopments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 10.3 AIinArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.4 RegulatingAIArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 10.5 RegulatingAIApparatuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 11 Robo-Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 11.1 TechnologyandAI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 11.2 TheEmergingDigitalSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 11.3 FromAILegalTechtoAAILegalTechandLitigation. . . . . . . 358 11.4 FromGlobalLawtoAAILaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 11.5 TheQualitiesThatAAIBringsForwardsinCourts andArbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 11.6 CurrentInvolvementofAISystemsinLaw-Making. . . . . . . . . 387 11.7 Robo-Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 11.8 AAIRobo-JusticebyNationalArtificialIntelligenceJustice ManagementAuthority(NAIJMA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Chapter 1 Introduction Globalization involves countries’ institutional structure by the diffusion of social valuesandindividualvaluecreationviainteractionswithwiderangeofbackgrounds and nationality. Moreover, globalization procedure has been driven by political ideas, economic forces and new technology augmenting the speed but diminishing thecostoftransportationandcommunication.1 When a new technology is appeared to society, the law has to respond to the disorder technology generates but there is pacing problem and so the thought that law cannot keep pace with technology brings forwards a form of “technological determinism” wherein technology drives social structures and cultural values.2 Moreover, the law is catching up with technology but “technology has not stood still.”Also,AIandroboticsastransformativetechnologieswithcriticalqualitiesare moreexceptionalthanthoseofcyberspaceandotherpriortechnologies.Itcouldbe saidthatiftechnologyisthedrivingforceoflaw,lawwillalwaysfollowtechnology and so technological revolution, embracing the relationships among technologies, theiruses,andtheirrelationshipbetweenthemandpeople,instigatesandinfluences socialtransformation. Humansaretechnologicalanimalsandsohumansmoldtheirenvironmentusing the devices they invent and develop. Technology boosts human abilities by expanding labour efficiency at a given task and so intelligent systems attempt to imitate human-reasoning processes. Human-based systems are informatic systems, embracingsoftwareandhardwarethatuseartificialintelligencetechniquesmimick- ingtheprocessesofhumanreasoning,learning,memory,andcommunication.Itis worth notingthat policy-making nolonger relies mainly on theexertedpowerofa singleplayer,whichhastraditionallybeenthestatusandsogovernanceeffectuated by digital networks in general and by blockchain technology. In its place, interac- tionsandsocietiesarebecomingprogressivelygovernedbynetworksencompassing 1Zekos(2015a). 2Calo(2015),pp.513,556–557;Eko(July30,2012). ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1 G.I.Zekos,AdvancedArtificialIntelligenceandRobo-Justice, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98206-5_1 2 1 Introduction a diverse set of public and private actors and so generating societal power in a networkedsystem. The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has seen remarkable technical develop- mentsbringingneweconomicandlegalrisks.Thetransferalfromhumandecision- making to AI or hybrid human–AI decision-making systems modifies the policy landscapeandsoinfluencingsocialvalues.Also,thereareintegralflawsandrisksof automation. Via advanced artificial intelligence (AAI) techniques,3 machines will think as brains,andbrainscan bethoughtofasmachines.One ofthekey characteristics of intelligent systems is the use of big data which is applicable to judicial decision- making procedures demanding extensive record keeping of the information pro- ducedduringprocedurestoassurelegitimacy. Computer-based learning mimics human learning to some extent, although the latter encompasses emotional engagement and commitment permitting AI systems to achieve success in multifaceted and vague tasks such as image recognition, translation, radiological image analysis, and games. Machine learning generates a problem-solvingalgorithmthatisthenusedinheterogeneousscientificapplications and so there is a gradual transition from decision support using automation algo- rithms to areas linked to the quality of life. Moreover, the continuing digital transformation of the economy influences both the macro and micro level of all happenings in the field of digitalization. The digitalization disruption brings along new inequalities such as inequality in cyberspace connectivity, tech skills and affinity to digitalization influences AI-human-compatibility as a competitive advantage. Thepotentialofdigitalizationlieslargelyinitscapacitytoexploittheinteractive capacitiesofcyberspace.Themergerofthephysicalworldwiththevirtualworldhas brought with it a broad range of novel, complex and valuable transactions and relationshipsandsobroughtwithitaneedfornewdisputeresolutionandprevention processes. Moreover, digital technology is transforming the landscape of dispute resolutionbygeneratinganever-growingnumberofdisputesandatthesametimeis challenging the effectiveness and reach of traditional dispute resolution avenues. Likewise, new technologies disrupt not only by altering how we do things but by shifting how we think about what we are doing, about what needs to be done and whatcanbedone. Itischaracteristicthatthesuccessofthedigitalenvironmentisascertainedbythe principle of “successful functioning” of the subject, taking into consideration the temporary accumulation goods and services in globalization and digitalization. Moreover, the essential of the digital economy is the formation big data products andtheadvanceofserviceslinkedwithnumericaltechnologies. Algorithmicsystemsmusttakeintoconsiderationreliability,confidentiality,data protectionandsecurityguaranteeswiththeintentionofpreventingandreducingthe riskofhumanrightsviolationsandotheradverseeffectsforindividualsandsociety. 3Zekos(2021a);Zekos(2021b),pp.3–10.